Clinical and pathomorphological “masks” of adrenocortical cancer. Difficulties of differential diagnostics by the example of own clinical observa-tions

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Abstract

Difficulties in the differential diagnostics of adrenocortical cancer (ACC) are due to its heterogeneous clinical and biological behavior, which is based on a complex histogenesis and molecular genetic landscape of adrenocortical cells. In this connection, the “postulate” in the diagnosis and treatment of ACC should be a multidisciplinary approach in centers with experience in adrenal surgery and pathomorphology. The presented own clinical observations of patients with ACC diagnosed during a multiple revision of histological slides and repeated immunohistochemistry including recurrent tumor, illustrates the complexity of differential diagnosis and shows the need for further study of the subcellular mechanisms of adrenocortical oncogenesis underlying its clinical picture, morphology, and expression of valuable specific markers.

About the authors

D. P. Yashina

Kazan State Medical Academy

Author for correspondence.
Email: darya.nikulina.94@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2746-8837

Postgraduate Student, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Palliative Medicine

Russian Federation, Kazan

Z. A. Afanasyeva

Kazan State Medical Academy; Professor M.Z. Sigal Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary

Email: darya.nikulina.94@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6187-2983

MD, PhD, Professor of the Department of Oncology, Radiology and Palliative Medicine, Head of the Center for Diagnostics and Treatment of Patients with Thyroid and Other Endocrine Organs Tumors

Russian Federation, Kazan; Kazan

F. M. Mazitova

Professor M.Z. Sigal Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary

Email: darya.nikulina.94@list.ru

Pathologist of the Pathologicoanatomic Department

Russian Federation, Kazan

A. G. Sabirov

Professor M.Z. Sigal Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary

Email: darya.nikulina.94@list.ru

Candidate of Medical Sciences, pathologist, Head of the Pathologicoanatomic Department

Russian Federation, Kazan

A. E. Zhavoronkov

Kazan State Medical Academy; Professor M.Z. Sigal Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary

Email: darya.nikulina.94@list.ru

Radiologist, Head of the PET Department, Assistant of the Department of Oncology, Radiology and Palliative Medicine

Russian Federation, Kazan; Kazan

References

  1. Chandrasekar T., Goldberg H., Klaassen Z. et al. The who, when, and why of primary adrenal malignancies: Insights into the epidemiology of a rare clinical entity. Cancer. 2019; 125: 1050–1059.
  2. Sharma E., Dahal S., Sharma P., Bhandari A., Gupta V. et al. The Characteristics and Trends in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A United States Population Based Study. J. Clin. Med. Res. 2018; 10: 636–640.
  3. Lloyd R.W., Osamura R., Rosay J. et al. WHO Tumor Classification Editorial Board. Endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors. Fifth edition. Lyon: MAIR 2022.
  4. Tkachuk A.V., Beltsevich D.G., Porubayeva E.E., Urusova L.S. Morphological predictors of the efficacy of mitotane therapy in adrenocortical cancer. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 2023; 68 (6): 76–88.
  5. Pitsava G., Maria A.G., Faucz F.R. Disorders of the adrenal cortex: Genetic and molecular aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 29 (13): 931389.
  6. Lam A.K. Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Updates of Clinical and Pathological Features after Renewed World Health Organisation Classification and Pathology Staging. Biomedicines. 2021; 9 (2): 175.
  7. Selivanova L.S., Abdulkhabirova F.M. etc. Oncocytic adrenocortical adrenal tumor. Pathology Archive 2015; 1: 55–59 (in Russian).

Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Clinical observation No. 1. Patient K. - adrenocortical cancer, capsular invasion is visualized at microscopy (hematoxylin and eosin staining, X100)

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3. Fig. 2. Clinical observation No. 2. Patient K.: fragment of liver tissue. Adrenocortical cancer: A - unchanged hepatocytes; B - areas of altered cells, diffuse architectonics and nuclear polymorphism can be traced (hematoxylin and eosin staining, X100)

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4. Fig. 3. Clinical observation #3. Patient K.: immunohistochemistry of adrenocortical cancer metastasis to the lungs; A - immunoreactive staining for Melan A; B - immunoreactive staining for synaptophysin; C - focal immunoreactivity for SC pan; D - clear cell adenoma (2016). Magnification: A, B, C - X 100; D - X 200

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5. Fig. 4. Clinical observation #4. Patient S.: immunohistochemistry and histocartin (2018) Immunohistochemical staining for vimentin (A) and chromogranin A (B). Histocartin (C). Magnification: A - X 200; B, C - X 100.

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6. Fig. 5. Clinical observation No. 4. Patient S.: tumor recurrence. Microscopy: A (magnification x20) - cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm with anaplastic nuclei, a large number of pathologic mitoses, massive necroses. Immunohistochemistry: B - GATA 3 - negative; C - inhibin - positive; D - calretinin - positive, chromogranin A - negative; E - melan A - positive, S100 - negative; F - synaptophysin - positive. Magnification: A - 100 X; B, D, E - X 200; C, E - X 400

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