The influence of comorbid diseases on the profiles of signaling biomarkers (macrophage-derived chemokine, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 kD, soluble CD40 ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor) and severity in patients with COVID-19: clinical studies

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the effect of comorbid diseases on the concentration of biomarkers will help to deepen the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the impact of comorbid diseases on the course of COVID-19 and adjust prognostic models for its therapy.

AIM: To study the impact of comorbid diseases on the severity and outcomes of COVID-19. In addition, an analysis of the levels of macrophage-derived chemokine, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 kD, soluble CD40 ligand, vascular endothelial growth factor has been carried out in 472 patients with COVID-19, depending on the presence of various forms of comorbid pathology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: To study the concentration of biomarkers an analysis has been conducted in a group of 1648 patients with confirmed COVID-19. The study assessed intergroup differences (disease outcome/severity of disease) in the general group (1648 patients) and in the group of patients without comorbidity (343 patients) — Charlson index less than 2 points. 472 medical histories of patients with COVID-19 have been analyzed, including with certain concentrations of the studied biomarkers and comorbid pathology included in the Charlson Index. For comparison, two samples have been formed: an experimental group consisting of patients with COVID-19 and the presence of a certain comorbid disease and a control group consisting of patients suffering from COVID-19 without a specified comorbid disease.

RESULTS: For the first time, data has been obtained indicating that patients with COVID-19 have comorbid conditions with the levels of the studied biomarkers differing significantly from the indicators of the control group. Thus, in patients with arterial hypertension (I10–I15 according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision), chronic heart failure (I50.0), diseases of the vascular system (I70–I79), cerebrovascular diseases (I60–I69), chronic kidney disease (N17–N19), the level of the macrophage-derived chemokine biomarker was significantly lower than in the patients without these diseases. At the same time, in the COVID-19 patients with respiratory diseases (J40–J47), the levels of interferon-γ-induced protein 10 kD and vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly lower than in the patients who did not have lung diseases.

CONCLUSIONS: The study findings obtained have confirmed the role of signaling biomarkers in the development of severe forms and death in patients with COVID-19. Significant influence of comorbid pathology on the course of the new coronavirus infection has been shown.

About the authors

Anna Yu. Anisenkova

City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: anna_anisenkova@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5642-621X
SPIN-code: 4476-5192
Scopus Author ID: 57222098975
ResearcherId: AAQ-4980-2021

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor

Russian Federation, 9 Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg, 197706; Saint Petersburg

Vadim I. Mazurov

North-Western State Medical University named after. I.I. Mechnikov

Email: maz.nwgmu@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0797-2051
SPIN-code: 6823-5482
Scopus Author ID: 16936315400
ResearcherId: J-9643-2014

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the RAS, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Svetlana V. Apalko

City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg State University

Email: Svetlana.apalko@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3853-4185
SPIN-code: 7053-2507
Scopus Author ID: 35072356200

Cand. Sci. (Biol.)

Russian Federation, 9 Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg, 197706; Saint Petersburg

Oleg S. Popov

City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg State University

Email: ospopov@outlook.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1778-0165
SPIN-code: 5220-9174
Scopus Author ID: 57222101376

MD

Russian Federation, 9 Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg, 197706; Saint Petersburg

Natalya N. Sushentseva

City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg

Email: natalia@sushentseva.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5100-5229
SPIN-code: 5187-2286
Scopus Author ID: 56595238100
ResearcherId: A-9951-2014

MD

Russian Federation, 9 Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg, 197706

Olga P. Mamaeva

City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg State University

Email: mopetrovna@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4722-6950

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor

Russian Federation, 9 Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg, 197706; Saint Petersburg

Sergei V. Mosenko

City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg State University

Email: s.mosenko@spbu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1357-4324
SPIN-code: 9543-8506
Scopus Author ID: 57219381057
ResearcherId: AAQ-5181-2021

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Russian Federation, 9 Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg, 197706; Saint Petersburg

Andrey M. Sarana

Saint Petersburg State University

Email: asarana@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3198-8990
SPIN-code: 7922-2751
Scopus Author ID: 35123068500

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Sergey G. Shcherbak

City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg State University

Email: s.g.sherbak@spbu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5036-1259
SPIN-code: 1537-9822

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation

Russian Federation, 9 Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg, 197706; Saint Petersburg

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Charlson Index indicators in the studied group

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3. Fig. 2. Boxplot of macrophage-derived chemokine concentration in the studied groups (absence/presence of cerebrovascular disease history); p-value obtained using Mann–Whitney U test. MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine levels

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4. Fig. 3. Boxplot of vascular endothelial growth factor concentration levels expressed in picograms per milliliter in the studied groups (absence/presence of chronic unspecific lung disease history); p-value obtained using Mann–Whitney U test. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor level

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