


卷 52, 编号 5 (2016)
- 年: 2016
- 文章: 17
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/0022-0930/issue/view/9660
Reviews
The motion aftereffect as a universal phenomenon in sensory systems involved in spatial orientation. III. Aftereffect of motion adaptation in the somatosensory and vestibular systems
摘要
The motion aftereffect may be considered as a consequence of visual illusions of self-motion (vection) and the persistence of sensory information processing. There is ample experimental evidence indicating a uniformity of mechanisms that underlie motion aftereffects in different modalities based on the principle of motion detectors. Currently, there is firm ground to believe that the motion aftereffect is intrinsic to all sensory systems involved in spatial orientation, that motion adaptation in one sensory system elicits changes in another one, and that such adaptation is of great adaptive importance for spatial orientation and motion of an organism. This review seeks to substantiate these ideas.



Comparative and Ontogenic Biochemistry
Tetramethonium derivatives as reversible inhibitors of various cholinesterases
摘要
To study the effect of the onium atom nature on anticholinesterase efficiency, we tested elementorganic derivatives of tetramethylenbisonium compounds as reversible inhibitors of the following cholinesterases (ChE): acetyl-ChE from human erythrocytes, butyryl-ChE from horse serum, ChE from the brain of the grass frog Rana temporaria, ChEs from visual ganglia of the Pacific squid Todarodes pacificus, and ChE from visual ganglia of the commander squid Berryteuthis magister from different habitats in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Bisphosphonium inhibitors were found to be much stronger effectors than bisammonum compounds, although this may be due to a significantly increased size and hydrophobicity of their onium groups. Bisammonium organosilicon compound and its monoammonium analog were equally active as reversible ChE inhibitors in mammals. The first studied bis(phenyliodonium) derivative, which is characterized by a significantly increased hydrophobicity due to the introduction of fluorine atoms to the interonium tetramethylene chain, also exhibited a pronounced anticholinesterase effect on mammalian ChE.



Comparative and Ontogenic Physiology
Electrical activity of the neocortex in adult rats after prenatal hypoxia and in epilepsy model
摘要
Changes in electrical activity of the neocortex after prenatal hypoxia (day 14 of embryogenesis, E14, 7% O2 for 3 h) and intracortical microinjection of epileptogenic 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) were studied in adult (3-month-old) rats. The frequency–time parameters of electrocorticogram (ECoG) were analyzed during sleep and wakefulness as well as in a model of 4-AP-induced spike-wave discharge (SWD) epileptiform activity. The results showed that in rats exposed to prenatal hypoxia the theta rhythm had a lower frequency while sleep spindles displayed a lower spectral power in the low-frequency range as compared to the control group. In rats with prenatal pathology, there was revealed a delayed onset of epileptiform activity and a shifted frequency distribution of the SWD spectral power induced by 4-AP.



Presynaptic serotonergic modulation of spontaneous and miniature synaptic activity in frog lumbar motoneurons
摘要
The effects of serotonin (5-HT, 30 μM) on spontaneous and miniature synaptic activity in lumbar motoneurons from the isolated Rana ridibunda spinal cord were investigated using intracellular recording. 5-HT increased the frequency of spontaneous (sPSPs) and miniature postsynaptic potentials (mPSPs). The effect of 5-HT on different subpopulations of mPSPs was multidirectional: it increased the frequency of glutamatergic excitatory mPSPs by 18% and decreased the frequency of glycinergic inhibitory mPSPs by 28%, but had no effect on the frequency of GABAergic inhibitory mPSPs. The amplitude and kinetic parameters of any subpopulation of mPSPs did not change. The data obtained show that 5-HT regulates the probability of glutamate and glycine release from the presynaptic terminals ending at frog spinal motoneurons. 5-HT shifts the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition in the spinal neural network toward excitation. Thus, 5-HT participates in control of motor output and provides its facilitation.



Properties of intratetanic individual contractile responses in rat slow skeletal muscles during modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release
摘要
In control experiments (n = 16), during direct stimulation of m. Soleus by trains of 5, 10 and 50 stimuli at a rate of 20 Hz a biphasic change was detected in the amplitude of the last contractile responses (LCRN) depending on N, where N is the number of individual contractile responses in the tetanus. Thus, an initial decrease in LCRN amplitudes (down to 54 ± 8% for LCR5) was followed by a subsequent increase (up to 218 ± 14% for LCR50) and significant shortening of their half-relaxation time compared to the initial response (down to 44 ± 8% for LCR50). Caffeine at concentrations of 5 (n = 6) and 10 (n = 4) mM exacerbated LCR5 depression (down to 31 ± 8% and 15 ± 4%, respectively) against the background of arising characteristic stationary contracture responses. The subsequent increase in the LCRN amplitude was substantially lower than in control experiments (114 ± 18% and 46 ± 9% for LCR50 compared to the initial response at 5 and 10 mM of caffeine, respectively). The LCR50 half-relaxation time during the effect of caffeine at both concentrations also remained considerably shorter than that of individual responses recorded both in the presence of caffeine and in control experiments. In contrast to the control and caffeine effects, LCR5 and LCR10 amplitudes during the effect of 10 μM of dantrolene (n = 5) remained at the level close to that of the first response (102 ± 7% and 106 ± 8%, respectively), while the LCR50 amplitude displayed a considerably smaller increase (to 143 ± 14%) than observed in control muscles. Besides, dantrolene further enhanced muscle relaxation at rest. Caffeine (10 mM), as applied in the presence of dantrolene, restored the dynamics of changes in amplitude–temporal characteristics of last contractile responses to values approximating those in control. The amplitude–temporal characteristics of action potentials recorded extracellularly in individual m. Soleus muscle fibers did not change significantly during the transition from single to train stimulation under the same protocol as in mechanographic experiments. These data may be interpreted in support of the previously advanced hypothesis on the implication of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in skeletal muscles under their tetanic stimulation as an additional mechanism of excitation–contraction coupling [1, 2].



The influence of maternal experience on the formation of species-specific offspring behavior in early ontogenesis
摘要
The influence of maternal experience on the formation of early behavioral responses and species-specific defensive behavior (dark preference response) was investigated in Wistar rat offspring. Maternal behavior of primiparous rats was found to differ from that of the same females parturiated for the second time. The behavior of maternally experienced females is distinguished by creating more comfort in the nest and taking more care of their offspring. A study of the behavioral dynamics in the primiparous females’ offspring revealed a disappearance of correlative links between eye opening times and the appearance of first behavioral responses, which is a negative factor for the formation of adaptive behavior in ontogenesis. Disturbed development of the speciesspecific defensive behavior (dark preference response) was found in the offspring of naïve females. The obtained results indicate a positive influence of the maternal experience on the formation of functions in offspring.



Synaptic and electotonic contacts on primary afferent axons in the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis spinal cord
摘要
Distribution of GABA and glycine immunoreactivity was studied in synapses on primary afferent axons of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis spinal cord using a double labelling technique. Approximately 25% of synapses exhibit GABA immunoreactivity, while more than 70% are immunoreactive to both neurotransmitters. As in other vertebrates, axo-axonal contacts represent three-component synaptic complexes, the so-called triads, where the immunoreactive terminal make synaptic contact simultaneously with the afferent axon and the dendrite contacting this afferent. Contact zones with gap junction-like cell membrane specializations were found between adjacent afferents suggesting the presence of electrotonic interaction between them. This interaction appears to serve for the synchronization of the afferent flow and represents a structural correlate of the mechanism of rapid interneuronal communication between functionally uniform neurons, which is an important element in the organization of coordinated locomotor acts. Besides, our studies provide evidence that afferent–afferent interaction may be mediated not only electrotonically but also with the aid of chemical synapses. This finding suggests that glutamate-induced depolarization of primary afferents results not only from autoreception but also from the direct effect of glutamate on the afferent’s cell membrane.



Topographic anatomy of ascending and descending neurons of the supraesophageal, meso- and metathoracic ganglia in paleo- and neopterous insects
摘要
Topographic anatomy of ascending (AN) and descending (DN) neurons of the supraesophageal and thoracic ganglia in the nervous system of winged insects (Pterygota), representatives of the infraclasses Palaeoptera (Odonata, Aeschna grandis, dragonfly) and Neoptera (Blattoptera, Periplaneta americana, cockroach), was studied. These insects differ in ecological niches, lifestyles, sets of behavioral complexes, levels of locomotor system development, evolutionary age and systematic position. Cell bodies and processes of ANs and DNs were stained with nickel chloride (NiCl2), and their topography was studied on total preparations of the supraesophageal and thoracic ganglia. Unlike cockroaches, the dragonfly protocerebrum was found to contain DNs sending their processes to ocelli. Dragonfly DN processes exhibit a specific branching pattern in thoracic ganglia, with collaterals coming off both ipsi- and contralaterally. In cockroaches, collaterals of DN processes come off ipsilaterally. The AN cell bodies in dragonfly meso- and metathoracic ganglia lie both ipsi- and contralaterally relative to the ascending process, whereas in cockroaches most of the AN cell bodies in the same ganglia are located contralaterally. Substantial differences in the distrubution of DNs and ANs in insects with different manners of locomotion appear to reflect different degrees of control the supraesophageal ganglion exerts over the activity of segmental centers. This does not seem to be related to the evolutionary age of insects or their systematic position. Probably, different degrees of control over locomotion depend on the way of food acquisition: catching prey in the air in “paleopterous” dragonflies versus maneuverable walking or running over a solid substrate in “neopterous” cockroaches.



Short Communications
Hemo-rheological status of young Wistar–Kyoto rats



FMRF-amide reduces electrical responses to light in the eye of Lymnaea stagnalis



Problem Papers
Coevolution of physiological systems
摘要
Coevolution is the interaction in the process of evolution of different species that are closely related biologically but do not exchange genetic information. In this paper, we address the problem of coevolution of the whole organism’s physiological systems as a process of the interrelated development of structure and function as well as their regulatory systems during the formation of living organisms. We consider the coevolution of osmoregulation and the nitrogen metabolism type, systemic and individual coevolutionary strategies of cell volume regulation in poikiloosmotic and homoiosmotic animals, coevolution of effectory organs and endocrine factors in the development of water–salt homeostasis, co-involvement of neurohypophyseal nonapeptides and glucagon-like peptide-1 in the regulation of the renal function aimed at stabilizing physico-chemical parameters of extracellular fluids which make up the internal environment of the organism.



Erratum
Erratum: “Transformation of individual contractile responses during tetanus in rat fast and slow skeletal muscles”
摘要
On page 54, right column, the final line of the text should read: Supported by the RSF grant no. 15-15-20008.



Erratum: “The brain leptin signaling system and its functional state in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus”
摘要
On page 189, left column, the final line of the text should read: Supported by the RSF grant no. 14-15-00413.



Erratum: “Functional state of hypothalamic signaling systems in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with intranasal insulin”
摘要
On page 214, left column, the final paragraph of the text should read: Supported by the RSF grant no. 14-15-00413. Spectrophotometric studies were carried out at the Center for Collective Usage of Scientific Equipment, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences.



Erratum: “Effects of exenatide on glycemia and renal water and ion excretion differ in frogs and rats”
摘要
On page 236, left column, the final line of the text should read: Supported by the RSF grant no. 14-15-00730.



Erratum: “Comparative analysis of immune responses in Colorado potato beetle larvae during development of mycoses caused by Metarhizium robertsii, M. brunneum, and M. pemphigi”
摘要
On page 258, right column, the final line of the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS should read: The study was financially supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (project no. 15-14-10014).



Erratum: “Regulation of antimicrobial peptide synthesis in larvae of Calliphora vicina (Diptera, Calliphoridae): a dose-dependent effect of ecdysteroids”
摘要
On page 297, left column, the final line of the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS should read: This research was supported by the grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation (project no. 1.53.392.2016).


