Multi Ejector and pivoting-supported R744 application with AC for supermarkets

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Abstract

CO2 refrigeration units are gaining market shares thanks to the ability to provide an energy efficient performance for industrial and commercial refrigeration applications in any climate. As with all the applications, the investment and operation costs should be kept as low as possible, to reduce the payback time and promote the introduction of innovative system solutions.

In this work the flexibility achieved by implementing the pivoting technology in a supermarket refrigeration application is investigated both at design- and partial load conditions. The air conditioning (AC) load is also considered within a wide range of ambient temperatures. The Multi Ejector block utilized will be analyzed in terms of performance and its effect on the compressor combinations at different operating conditions. The objective is to increase the flexibility of the centralized rack through a proper design and sizing of the compressor pack equipped with the pivoting technology, while maintaining the efficiency and reducing the

investment costs. This work shows that a Multi Ejector pivoting-supported system will be beneficial from the flexibility and capital costs point of view, and the benefit will be more consistent if the AC load is part of the integrated system architecture. Furthermore, a thorough investigation has been conducted whenever the ejector capacity is too high compared to the load, proposing two alternative solutions.

About the authors

Luca Contiero

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Author for correspondence.
Email: luca.contiero@ntnu.no
Norway, Trondheim

Ángel Pardiñas

SINTEF Energi AS

Email: angel.a.pardinas@sintef.no
Norway, Trondheim

Armin Hafner

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Email: Armin.Hafner@ntnu.no
Norway, Trondheim

References

  1. EPEE, Achieving the EU HFC Phase Down: The EPEE “Gapometer” Project. EPEE; 2015.
  2. Karampour M, Sawalha S. State-of-the-art integrated CO2 refrigeration system for supermarkets: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2018;86:239–257. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.11.006
  3. Hafner A, Fredslund K, Banasiak K. Next generation R744 refrigeration technology for supermarkets. In: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration, Yokohama, Japan. IIF/IIR, 2015.
  4. Pardiñas ÁÁ, Hafner A, Banasiak K. Novel integrated CO2 vapour compression racks for supermarkets. Thermodynamic analysis of possible system configurations and influence of operational conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2018;131:1008–1025. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.12.015
  5. Pardiñas ÁÁ, Contiero L, Hafner A, et al. Attaining a higher flexibility in CO2 compressor racks. In: Proceedings of the 14th IIR-gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural refrigerants, IIR. IIR; 2020. doi: 10.18462/iir.gl.2020.1123
  6. Nakagawa M, Marasigan AR, Matsukawa T. Experimental analysis on the effect of internal heat exchanger in transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with two-phase ejector. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2011;34(7):1577–1586. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2010.03.007
  7. Elbel S. Historical and present developments of ejector refrigeration systems with emphasis on transcritical carbon dioxide air-conditioning applications. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2011;34(7):1545–1561. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2010.11.011
  8. Elbel S, Hrnjak P. Experimental validation of a prototype ejector designed to reduce throttling losses encountered in transcritical R744 system operation. International Journal of Refrigeration. 2008;31(3):411–422. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.07.013

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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1. JATS XML
2. Fig. 1. Ejector-supported CO2 compressor rack with “pivoting” compressors.

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3. Fig. 2. Cooling load profiles over the gas cooler outlet temperature range investigated.

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4. Fig. 3. Ejector efficiency and entrainment ratio at the design load conditions.

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5. Fig. 4. Effect of implementing “pivoting” compressors on the compressor-capacity used in a large-sized supermarket for such operating conditions where the Multi Ejector block is regulating the high-pressure.

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6. Fig. 5. Mass flows, MT evaporation temperature and entrainment ratio as a function of the gas.

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7. Fig. 6. Effect of implementing “pivoting” compressors on the compressor-capacity used in a large-sized supermarket for such operating conditions when the ejector performs as a high-pressure control valve.

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8. Fig. 7. Mass flows and compressor utilization in a large-sized supermarket both during winter and summer.

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9. Fig. 8. Compressor combinations adopted at part-load (Tgc,outlet = 35 °C). At the top of each column the evaporation temperature.

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10. Fig. 9. Evaporating temperature profile at part-load conditions with Tgc,outlet = 35 [°C], pHP = 89[bar] (straight line = only ejector sucking; dotted line = MT compressor in operation).

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11. Fig. 10. Fluctuation of the receiver pressure and difference in terms of refrigerant flow between the two strategies, for part-load at Tgc,outlet = 40 [°C].

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12. Fig. 11. Comparison compressor combinations and power consumptions between the two strategies at part-loads (Tgc,outlet = 40 °C).

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13. Fig. 12. Simplified cost analysis.

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14. Fig. 13. Compressors capacity utilization, number of compressors in operation and COP comparison between system pivoting and no pivoting supported.

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15. Fig. 14. Effect of implementing “pivoting” in all the compressors (MT-IT) installed in the facility.

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