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Vol 63, No 3 (2025)

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Articles

Generation and dynamics of the Hall magnetic field during sub-Alfven plasma expansion in the kinetic regime

Divin A.V., Chibranov A.A., Paramonik I.P., Zakharov Y.P., Berezutsky A.G., Posukh V.G., Rumenskikh M.S., Kropotina J.A., Shaikhislamov I.F.

Abstract

The paper presents a complex study of the Hall effect during the expansion of a spherical plasma cloud into a medium with a uniform external magnetic field. The results were obtained in a laboratory experiment on the KI-1 plasma facility and three-dimensional numerical modeling using the “particle-in-cell” method. The data obtained are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement and demonstrate that when the plasma cloud expands in a regime where the Larmor radius of ions RL is comparable to the scale of the diamagnetic cavity Rb, a large-scale antisymmetric magnetic fields structure is formed, caused by Hall effects. In this case, both internal and external Hall magnetic structures are observed. The work demonstrates the coherence between Hall effects and the diamagnetic cavity collapse, which occurs as the transfer of a magnetic field by Hall electrons currents at an anomalously high speed.

Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):223-238
pages 223-238 views
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Radiation-protective properties of polymer composite material in the ISS cabin according to thermoluminescent and solid-state track detectors

Tolochek R.V., Pavlenko V.I., Cherkashina N.I., Ivanova O.A., Kartashov D.A., Kartsev I.S., Shurshakov V.A.

Abstract

The paper presents measurement data obtained in the space experiment “Shielding Composite” by thermoluminescent and solid-state track detectors. A cylindrical container made of a composite shielding material based on fluoroplastic (1 cm thick, density 4.05 g/cm3) was installed in the left cabin of the International Space Station (ISS) Service Module. The measurement data were obtained for the period from February 21 to September 19, 2022, which falls at the growth phase of the solar activity cycle. The shielding effect of the composite material was determined as the ratio of doses received outside and inside the container, and according to measured data, it was 1.33 ± 0.08 for the absorbed dose and 1.29 ± 0.07 for the dose equivalent. This effect is mainly due to a decrease in the contribution to the dose from the Earth's radiation belts, which corresponds to the results of calculations carried out by the ray tracing method for the detector locations.
Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):239-248
pages 239-248 views
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The Beginning of the 25th Cycle of Solar Activity in Variations of Oxygen Ion Density in the Orbit of the Meteor Spacecraft

Tertyshnikov A.V.

Abstract

Based on the archive of measurement data in the upper atmosphere by radio frequency mass spectrometers on the Meteor spacecraft at the end of the 24th and at the beginning of the 25th cycle of solar activity, estimates of the parameters of the statistical model of the concentration of oxygen ion (O+) over the polar caps and the equatorial belt of the Earth are given. The signs of a change in the “11-year” cycle of solar activity according to O+ measurements are given, as well as variations that can be used to monitor the gas composition of the upper atmosphere.

Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):249-258
pages 249-258 views
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The influence of jump conditions in conjugate variables on the multiorbit spacecraft transfers with switching the low thrust off in the earth's shadow

Akhmetshin R.Z.

Abstract

Transfers in the central Newtonian field to the geostationary orbit are considered under the assumption that low thrust becomes zero when spacecraft with solar panels enters the Earth’s shadow. Using the maximum principle, the two-point boundary value problem is formed. It includes the conditions for optimal intersection of the shadow boundaries, the so called jump conditions in conjugate variables. Then the influence of jump conditions on the two-point boundary value problem solutions is investigated. Calculations for the flights of spacecraft with initial mass 5550 kg and thrust 0.55 N (initial acceleration 0.1 mm/s2) from the initial orbit with inclination 13° and the height of perigee 9.2 Mm and of apogee 76.8 Mm were done. They showed that if the argument of pericenter is equal to 0° and the longitude of the ascending node Ω0 = 180°, the difference in the propellant cost for two trajectories – with or without taking into account the jump conditions – does not exceed 0.15 % (in comparison with “nominal” trajectories, i.e., transfers without zeroing the thrust), and may be less than 0.01 % for some values of initial time. For other values of Ω0, the difference may be greater than 30 %. It was discovered also that the two-point boundary value problem may have several solutions. They differ from each other by the set of orbits crossing the Earth’s shadow.

Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):259-274
pages 259-274 views
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VIRTUAL GRAVITY ASSISTS MANEUVERS IN INTERPLANETARY BALLISTIC MISSION DESIGN

Golubev Y.F., Grushevskii A.V., Tuchin A.G.

Abstract

It is shown that the backward in time extension of the spacecraft interplanetary launch trajectory from the point of the low orbit of the departure planet generates a trajectory structurally coinciding with the virtual gravity assist trajectory near the departure planet. The pericenters of the auxiliary beam of the flying by hyperbolas and the time of their pericenter passage in this case differ slightly from the corresponding parameters of the designed departure orbit when starting from the specified point. Thus, the search for the trajectory of an interplanetary flight can be separated from the need to take into account the boundary conditions of the launch from an intermediate low pre-launch orbit. The pre-launch orbit is refined on the results of the search for the trajectory of the interplanetary flight. A structurally uniform scheme of ballistic design of spacecraft flight paths using multiple gravitational maneuvers based on the consideration of planetary ephemerides is presented.
Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):275-284
pages 275-284 views
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A simple control scheme for the problem of spacecraft transfer into a target orbit with releasing the separable part of its launch vehicle into the earth's atmosphere

Proskuryakov A.I.

Abstract

This paper considers the idea of reducing near-Earth space debris by releasing the spent additional fuel tank (AFT) and the booster's central block (CB) into the Earth's atmosphere. The spacecraft transfer from a reference circular orbit of an artificial Earth satellite to a target elliptical orbit is optimized. The transition maneuvers are carried out using a booster with a high limited-thrust engine and the AFT. The second zonal harmonic of the Earth's gravitational field is taken into account. A simplified model of spacecraft control is considered: the direction of the thrust vector on each of the active segments are determined by two angles that depend linearly on time.
Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):285-293
pages 285-293 views
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Gravispheric Effect for Flights Between the Earth and High Lunar Orbit

Murtazin R.F., Zaborsky S.A., Belyaeva E.K., Suprunov Y.V.

Abstract

The article considers a variant of the lunar transportation system using an orbital station deployed in a stable high circumlunar orbit. The insignificant size of the Moon's gravisphere, in terms of planetary scales, allows us to consider the problem of near-lunar maneuvers in a new way. Rational use of gravitational perturbation from the Earth during the flight in the boundary vicinity of the Moon's gravisphere, reduces the cost of spacecraft delivery from the Earth to the high lunar orbit, where it is proposed to place the lunar orbital station. This approach is called the “gravispheric” effect, which is particularly well manifested in flights to high lunar orbit. The paper shows the mathematical description of the gravisphere effect and examples of its use in flights between the Earth and high lunar orbit obtained by the authors.
Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):294-306
pages 294-306 views
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Endogenous factors influencing the ice conditions of navigation along the northern sea route

Petrova A.A., Latysheva O.V.

Abstract

The article presents the results of a study of the deep factors influence on the spatial and temporal patterns of the the ice cover formation of the Arctic shelf cryolithozone. The main source of ice information is satellite remote sensing data, which are necessary to solve scientific and practical problems of the Northern Sea Route development. The paper presents a comparative analysis of data from satellite monitoring of the ice cover thickness with petrophysical Earth's crust sections and lithospheric magnetic anomalies measured on the CHAMP satellite. To identify the structural features of the lithosphere that affect the formation of the ice cover, petrophysical sections crossing the zones of accelerated ice melting were constructed: density–based on gravity anomalies, magnetic–based on anomalies of the Earth's magnetic field module. In the zones of potential accumulation of gas hydrates in the Arctic seas of the Northern Sea Route, channels of endogenous fluid-dynamic factor influence have been identified. This made it possible to make a forecast of the areas of occurrence of deep origin emergencies caused by the mantle fluid flows migration. Based on the analysis of deep petrophysical sections in the zones of gas hydrate development near the Northern Sea Transport Magistral, the authors have identified through taliks at the thermofluid channels output. In areas of the Laptev Sea, where, according to geochemical studies, methane emissions of deep genesis have been confirmed, the sub-vertical trajectories of fluid flows approaching the seafloor from a depth of 25-30 km have been traced in deep sections. During the work the work, an assessment was made of the most likely location of endogenous natural hazards in areas of gas hydrates accumulation and in areas with a high level of bottom sediments gas saturation in the Barents, Kara, East Siberian, Chukchi Seas and the Laptev Sea. The study of the influence of the fluid-dynamic factor on the Northern Sea Transport Corridor ice regime will optimize the choice of the safest transport and logistics routes for uninterrupted year-round navigation.
Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):307-321
pages 307-321 views
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Tomographic methods for studying the upper atmosphere and near-Earth space: current state and development prospects

Padokhin A.M., Chernyshov A.A., Andreeva E.S., Nazarenko M.O., Andreevsky S.E., Mogilevsky M.M.

Abstract

The review examines the physical and mathematical formulations of the tomography problem in relation to remote sensing of the atmosphere and near-Earth space. Special attention is given to ionospheric sensing using satellite beacon signals from low-orbit (Parus/Transit/Cassiope, etc.), medium-orbit, and high-orbit (GPS/GLONASS and new global satellite navigation systems) satellites. The capabilities and limitations of 2D low-orbit and 4D high-orbit ionospheric radio tomography methods are discussed, along with the results of radiotomographic reconstructions of electron density distribution at various latitudes under both natural and artificial disturbances. A separate focus is placed on studying small-scale ionospheric irregularities based on satellite signal amplitude scintillation data, as well as challenges in implementing such sensing schemes at high latitudes using GPS/GLONASS signals. Besides, the prospects of tomographic systems for upper atmosphere sensing are discussed, considering the significant reduction in the number of low-orbit satellites, the potential installation of satellite beacons on new platforms (CubeSat), and the use of radio tomography methods in ultraviolet tomography of the upper atmosphere. The first results obtained using the dual-frequency (150/400 MHz) coherent signal transmitter MAYAK onboard the satellites of the Russian “Ionosphere” project are presented.
Kosmičeskie issledovaniâ. 2025;63(3):322-346
pages 322-346 views
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