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编号 6 (2024)
FROM THE EDITORS
80 Years of the Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences
593-594
RESEARCH
Formation of complex pine forests in the Serebryanny Bor experimental forestry unit
摘要
The paper deals with dynamics and development of complex pine forests of the Serebryanny Bor experimental forestry unit of the Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences at various stages of succession. The origins and future prospects of this group of forest types remain debatable. The subjects of the study were the old-growth pine stands and their natural regeneration after clear sanitary felling. It was found that most of the studied pine forests were of natural origin. At the age of over 150 years, pine stands maintain positive dynamics of growth in terms of wood stock. On average, the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) over 20 years was 1.7 m3/ha per year, and the average growth was 1.8 m3/ha per year. On all the study sites, the fastest growth under the canopy of pine forests was noted in small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), which is omnipresent in the second storey and sometimes even reaches the first storey. The living ground cover is dominated by plants of the nemoral group. The process of nemoralisation occurs in all storeys of phytocoenoses. In case of catastrophic disturbances in clearings, a significant amount of natural regeneration of tree and shrub species can be observed. At the same time, Scots pine prevails quantitatively, but is significantly inferior to deciduous species in the rate of growth height-wise. Despite the participation of meadow species, the grass cover retains a forest appearance with a high proportion of nemoral group species. Scots pine is able to successfully regenerate after catastrophic disturbances, but the formation of pine forests is possible only in case of timely forestry activities.
595-603
Long-period fluctuations of radial increment and vitality of pedunculate oak in Tellerman oak forests
摘要
Fluctuations in the growth rate and vitality of oak forests in the forest-steppe led in the XXth century to their decline and drying out with a periodicity of about 25–45 years. In the context of climate change, the relevance of studying the wave dynamics of oak forests in order to analyse the risks of oak mortality and possibilities to reduce them is increasing. The article presents the results of a study on long-term fluctuations since the XIXth century of radial growth of early and late trunk wood in 270-year-old upland and 230-year-old floodplain oak forests in comparison with cycles in 90-year-old upland and 130-year-old floodplain oak forests. The age trend is described as a century-long cycle, the two branches of which differ in period and amplitude. In old-age oak forests, 5 cycles of radial growth of the oak trunk were identified, in younger oak forests – only two. The vitality of the oak was assessed by the type of crown development, which was identified by the width of the early wood growth. The first 1–2 cycles are 50–70-year-old, the longest, asynchronous in upland and floodplain old-age oak forests, caused by wave self-thinning of stands. Then the duration of the cycles decreases to 25–40 years: in the floodplain oak forest – from the end of the XIX century, in the upland – from the beginning of the XX century. These fluctuations are synchronous in all studied oak forests as a result of drought and insect damage to the leaves, their minima coincide with the waves of oak drying out. Thinning has increased the resistance of the 90-year-old oak grove to long-period fluctuations. The CV of the growth indices in it is less than in other oak forests by an average of 1.3 times, and the CV of the long-period intra-century component by 2 times. Thinning of the stands’ canopy during the dying out of oak in the 1960s–1970s obviously increased the stability of oak forests during the next long-period cycle. The risk of oak decline and mortality increases at the minimums of intra-century cycles and depends on their amplitude. The risk also increases near the minimums of century-long cycles – in upland oak forests after 130 years of age, in floodplain forests after 60 and 190 years. An increase in the probability of oak mortality is expected in upland oak forests only no earlier than in the early 2030s.
604-616
Changes in the structure of a stand on a drained oligotrophic swamp for 50 years on West Dvina peatland-forest station in Tver oblast
摘要
West Dvina peatland-forest station of the Institute of Forestry Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located in the sub-taiga of European Russia. Scientific tasks related to the biogeocoenological study of the nature of swampy forests and swamps are solved at the station. In the period during 1972–1973, forest reclamation works were carried out here. Permanent sample plots were laid on the drained areas, including one in 1974 on a forested oligotrophic swamp. In 2023, the research was carried out again. The purpose of the study was to evaluate changes in the structure of a forest stand on a forested oligotrophic swamp over 50 years after drainage. The objects of the study were the forest inventory data for the tree layer on permanent sample plots in 1974 and 2023. Sample plots were laid in the middle of the space between the drainage channels and near them. The study uses generally recognized field and laboratory inventory methods. Regression equations were constructed to accurately calculate certain indicators. For statistical analysis of the similarity between the diameters on the sample plots that do not obey the normal distribution, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test, recommended in such cases, was used. The development dynamics of the stands on the sample plots was studied by comparing the inventory indicators for 1974 and 2023. Due to the lack of control for the drained object in 2023, in order to identify the degree of drainage efficiency, tree height was calculated based on an algebraic model of stand growth based on the Mitcherlich function. Comparing the inventory indicators and the intensity of drainage of Pinetum andromedo-eriophoroso-sphagnosum over 50 years, it can be noted that in the process of drainage there was a change in forest types to Pinetum ledoso-sphagnosum turfosum, located in the middle of the inter-channel space and undergoing extensive drainage, and to Pinetum ledoso-hylocomioso-sphagnosum turfosum, located near the channel and being subjected to normal drainage. The yield class has improved from Vb to Va. The inventory indicators characterising the productivity of the stand have changed significantly over 50 years, including the wood stock of the stand that has increased 3.5 and 4.9 times in drained pine forests. The compared stands belong to the age class V, however, older trees died out in the drained stands. Statistical analysis showed minor but significant differences in diameters between normally drained and extensively drained pine forests. The effect of drainage showed there is a significant difference in the average heights in the drained pine forests (more than 36%) compared to the model height of the undrained pine forests. For 50 years after the drainage of oligotrophic pine forests, a certain effect of their drainage can be observed. However, the overall impact of such drainage on forest management is low.
617-625
The impact of natural climatic factors on the state and preservation of introduced species in Dzhanybek research station's arboretum
摘要
The paper presents the analysis results of a 70-year long experiment on climate testing of introduced tree and shrub species in the conditions of the bogharic lands of the Northern Caspian clay semi-deserts. The object of the research was the arboretum of the Dzhanybek Research Station, created in 1951 in a local mesorelief depression with meadow-chestnut soils and a fresh lens of groundwater at a depth of 5.5-7.0 m in order to identify a promising plant species for landscaping in the region. It was found that the strongest impact on the preservation of introduced plants, especially with a deep root system (oak, elm, poplar), is the secondary salinization of the fresh lens to 3-7 g / l as it depletes, after which the trees can’t use it and die from the lack of moisture. Analysing the dynamics of natural and climatic conditions revealed the presence of four moisture cycles, during which the condition and safety of introduced species change dramatically: in dry periods with a moisture coefficient below average (0.3±0.13), many species begin to wither. When droughts recur from year to year, mass climatogenic drying-out of introduced species is observed. In the arboretum, the living space of dying plants is occupied by the species of trees and shrubs (honeysuckle, maples, bird cherry) that are best adapted to these soil and hydrological conditions, forming stable multi-species, multi-age shrub thickets. During the existence of the arboretum, the collection of introduced species has decreased from 211 to 73 species, many of which have survived only as self-sown specimens. Analysis of long-term monitoring of their condition allows us to recommend the surviving species for landscaping, including through self-renewal.
626-639
Selecting climatic types of the pedunculate oak for regeneration of forests in Tellerman experimental forestry
摘要
The paper states as increasing influence of forestry and biogenic factors on the degradation of oak forests and the necessity of creating of geographical crops of common oak from climatypes native to different regions of European Russia in the silvicultural areas of the Tellerman experimental forestry unit of the Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The morphometric features and preservation of oak crops over time were studied in 14 geographical climatypes. The best indicators for survival, growth energy and resistance to biogenic factors for edaphic conditions and, possibly, for the entire region of the southern forest-steppe zone were found in seeds belonging to climatypes from Smolensk, Tula, Belgorod, Orel, Kursk 1, Kursk 2, Tatarstan and Adygea. High-quality forest restoration using acorns of local origin collected in high-standing mountain oak groves is possible only under the condition of removing the pressure of ungulates.
640-648
Photosynthesis intensity of spruce, pine and oak seedlings under tree canopy and in the open site in different water supply conditions
摘要
The studies were conducted in the Serebryany Bor experimental forestry division of the Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences on 5–7-year-old seedlings of spruce, pine and oak. The average daily dependence of photosynthesis on solar radiation was studied under different water supply conditions. The dependence was aligned using the equation proposed by M. Monsi and T. Saeki and the correlation between photosynthesis intensity and the lack of water supply. The results obtained were as follows: while a spruce under the forest canopy reduces its intensity of photosynthesis to zero at the pre-dawn leaf water potential (PDLP) value of –2.4 MPa, the one in the open will do so at the PDLP value of –1.5 MPa. In case of pine, the decrease of photosynthesis intensity to zero occurs under the forest canopy at the PDLP value of –2.2 MPa, and in the open – at –1.8 MPa. The oak’s water supply requirements under the forest canopy and in the open are practically the same, photosynthesis intensity decreases to zero in both growing conditions at a PVPL equal to –3.5 MPa. However, under the forest canopy, the intensity of oak photosynthesis is three times lower than in the open, while for spruce it is practically the same.
649-660
Lichenological studies in the Serebryanoborskoe Experimental Forestry
摘要
Lichenological studies in the Serebryanoborskoe Experimental Forestry of the Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, located in the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region, were carried out in the period from 2010 to 2023 by the route method. Collection and laboratory processing of materials were carried out using generally accepted lichenological methods. The list of lichen biota of the Serebryanoborskoe Forestry includes 115 species of lichens and allied fungi, 15 of which are known only from literature data. 60 lichen species were identified in the urban part, and 98 species in the suburban part. Ecological-substrate analysis of lichen biota showed a significant predominance of groups associated with woody (tree and wood) substrate. The highest species richness is characterized by birch and linden lichen cover. The highest diversity was observed in pine forests prevailing in terms of area (including pine forests with small-leaved species), the lowest number of lichen species was observed in mixed and broad-leaved forests. The surveyed territory contains locations of four protected lichen species listed in the Red Data Books of Moscow and the Moscow Region, as well as ten indicator species of biologically valuable zonal forest landscapes.
661-671
A study of phyllophagous insects in the oak forests of the Tellerman forest massif
摘要
Phyllophagous insects are an integral component of forest biogeocenoses and play an important role in their functioning. Some phyllophagous species have periodical mass propagation outbreaks, exerting a great direct and indirect influence on forest stands. In cases when severe damage to foliage is caused repeatedly, they sometimes lead to the death of trees and whole stands. A review has been carried out, encompassing the studies of phyllophagous insects in oak groves of the Tellerman forest massif over several decades (mainly in the Tellerman experimental forestry division of the Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences), regarding the confinement of aforementioned insects to forest types and phenological forms of common oak. This study therefore presents the features of several reproduction outbreaks of three species of phyllophagous insects – winter moth, gypsy moth and green oak leaf roller, recorded on the territory of the forestry division during its existence.
672-686