The Role of Extracellular Receptor Pools in the Regulation of Immune Homeostasis

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Abstract

The formation of extracellular (free, serum, soluble, and circulating) forms of receptors can occur through mechanisms of proteolytic shedding, alternative mRNA splicing, capping followed by endocytosis, aggregation of heterodimers, and release of receptors from extracellular vesicles (microvesicles and exosomes). Free forms of receptors, in addition to blood, have been identified in cerebrospinal, synovial, and lacrimal fluids, nasal secretions, urine, and in vitro cell cultures. The physiological role of free receptors is to ensure an adequate immune response of immunocompetent cells in the paracrine space environment, functional cell activity (activation, proliferation, apoptosis, secretion, cytokine synthesis), regulation of blood transport protein activity, and cell contact interaction. An increase in the concentration of extracellular receptor molecules has been identified in Arctic residents during the polar night, during short-term general cooling, and in various pathological processes. The prognostic and diagnostic significance of free receptors of immunocompetent cells has been established, and the dynamics of their content depending on the localization and stage of the disease has been shown. An excessive increase in the content of circulating receptors is associated with suppression of the immune response, a deficiency of phagocytic defense, a decrease in the clearance of circulating immune complexes, and activation of the synthesis of IgE, IL-10, and antibodies with an increase in the activity of blood cell aggregation reactions. The article presents current data on the functional role of free receptor molecules, circulating complexes in the extracellular space, the ratio of free and membrane receptors, the relationship between soluble receptors and their substrate, and the concentrations of cytokines and free cytokine receptors in the intercellular environment. The necessity of developing physiological limits for the concentration of free receptor molecules, identifying the causes of receptor release into the environment, and studying the mechanisms of accumulation of soluble forms of receptors is demonstrated.

About the authors

A. V. Samodova

N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: annapoletaeva2008@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9835-8083
Cand. Sci. in Biology, leading researcher, head of the Laboratory of Regulatory Mechanisms of Immunity Arkhangelsk, 163020

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