Farmaciya (Pharmacy)

Introduction. Phenolic compounds are a group of secondary metabolites characterized by a significant variety of structures and biological activity. These substances are widely distributed among plants and are the subject of many studies aimed at the search and development of new medicines and preventive products.

The purpose of this work is to summarize and analyze literature data on modern methods of extraction, separation, identification of phenolic compounds, as well as their qualitative and quantitative analysis. According to the literature, maceration and circulating extraction are used for the extraction of phenolic compounds, as well as alternative methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, accelerated solvent extraction and extraction using high-voltage electric discharges.

Material and methods. Such methods as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, precipitation, centrifugation, filtration (micro-, ultra- and nanofiltration), crystallization and various chromatographic methods are used for purification and separation of substances. The identification of phenolic compounds is based on the determination of their physico-chemical characteristics obtained by NMR-spectroscopy, UV-, IR-, and mass spectrometry. In the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds, the use of high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with diode array detection and mass spectrometric detection shows the greatest efficiency. To assess the total content of phenolic compounds, a spectrophotometric method is used based on their interaction with Folin–Denis or Folin–Chocolteu reagents, and for flavonoids with an aluminum chloride solution.

Conclusion. Thus, modern phytochemical studies have a significant arsenal of extraction, separation and analysis methods that make it possible to efficiently and reliably determine the composition and content of phenolic compounds in plant raw materials. At the same time, despite the high informative value of the methods currently used, the fundamental stage of phytochemical research remains the development of an experimental methodology determined by the specifics of the structure and properties of the substances being determined, as well as related components.

Introduction. Mushrooms of the genus Amanita are found worldwide and comprise approximately 1000 species, 100 of which are considered poisonous. Interest in Amanita mushrooms has increased particularly in the past 3–5 years due to the popularity of “microdosing” fly agarics and the medicinal use of Amanita muscaria (Amanita muscaria L.) and Amanita pantherina L., often in capsule form in sub-hallucinogenic doses. The availability of fly agarics and the variability of their ibotenic acid and muscimol content are contributing factors to acute poisoning.

The aim of this study is the botanical identification of dried raw materials of red and panther fly agaric and dried crushed contents of capsules for subsequent laboratory diagnosis of fly agaric poisoning.

Material and methods. For identification, samples of dried fruiting caps of A. muscaria L. and A. pantherina L. (FUNGITHERA mushroom pharmacy) and powdered fruiting body capsules of A. muscaria (Die Familie) and A. pantherina (ALTAI ECO) were collected. Identification was performed using a Mikromed-1 microscope at ×100 and ×400 magnification.

Results and discussion. It has been established that, based on macroscopic and microscopic analysis, the authenticity of the caps of the fruiting bodies of the panther and red fly agaric and the powder of the fruiting bodies in capsules has been confirmed.

Conclusion. The results of a chromatographic study of extracts from Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina mushrooms and capsules were supplemented by botanical analysis. Based on macroscopic and microscopic analysis, the authenticity of the Amanita pantherina fruiting body caps and the fruiting body powder in capsules was confirmed.

The obtained botanical data will allow the capsule extracts to be used as reference samples in developing a method for identifying target toxicants in biological samples for laboratory diagnosis of poisoning by these mushrooms. This is particularly important, as commercially available standard samples of muscarine and muscimol are unavailable.

Introduction. Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) is a natural flavanonol with a high safety profile and various biological effects. Among these, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties stand out. However, one of the challenges in developing drugs based on DHQ is its limited solubility in water at room temperature, which affects its bioavailability. This makes it difficult for DHQ to be used in medicine.

Objective: to investigate the biopharmaceutical properties and cytotoxicity of DHQ compositions in combination with L-lysine.

Material and methods. To obtain DHQ compositions with L-lysine, the following steps were taken: first, the material was ground, then lyophilized or dried in an aqueous solution at 65°C. The solubility of the resulting product was assessed in accordance with the GPA.1.2.1.0005 of the Russian Federation State Pharmacopoeia XV and the EAEU Pharmacopoeia. A method for quantitative analysis of flavonoids in a mechanical mixture was developed based on UV-spectrophotometry. The bioavailability of the compound was assessed by its diffusion into agar, and its cytotoxic properties were tested on CaCo-2, 3T3, HUVEC, and HEK293 cell lines in experimental conditions using CCK-8.

Results. A mechanical mixture with significantly improved solubility compared to the original flavonoid was produced using the grinding method. The resulting compositions, in the form of lyophilizates and films, have similar solubility, classified as "very easily soluble" according to Russian Federation State Pharmacopoeia XV. A significant increase in bioavailability was observed as a result of these compositions. A method for quantifying flavonoids using UV-spectrophotometry was developed. When studying the cytotoxic properties of these objects, it was found that lyophilization reduced cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 0.025, 0.068, 0.145 and 0.288 mg/ml for 3T3, HEK293, CaCo-2, and HUVEC cells, respectively.

Conclusion. The obtained modifications may be interesting from the point of view of increasing the bioavailability and solubility of natural flavonoids. This solves one of the main problems in the development of drug products based on these compounds.

Introduction. The main trend toward localization of pharmaceutical production and growth of the pharmaceutical market increase the demand for specialists with competencies in drug development, manufacturing, quality control and circulation, including knowledge and skills related to the specific characteristics of drugs.

Objective: to present practical experience and possible ways to modernize educational programs and the training pathway for specialists for the pharmaceutical industry using the example of cooperation between the Faculty of Pharmacy of SibSMU (Tomsk), Novokuznetsk State Institute for Advanced Medical Education (a branch of RMANPO, Novokuznetsk), and the drug manufacturer JSC “Organica” (Novokuznetsk).

Material and methods. Content analysis of higher education and continuing professional education curricula in Pharmacy, analysis of the demand of a pharmaceutical manufacturer for pharmacist competencies, and interviewing 69 pharmacists from healthcare institutions and private pharmacies in the Kemerovo Region.

Results. Most pharmacists reported dissatisfaction with their current occupational functions and limited use of fundamental knowledge in practice, demonstrated interest in industrial pharmacy and readiness to undertake advanced training and move to pharmaceutical manufacturing while maintaining their accreditation status. The information obtained allows us to review training and professional development programs for pharmacists in terms of their focus on industrial pharmacy, quality management, pharmacovigilance, and marketing support for pharmaceutical drugs.

Conclusion. Expanding the list of competencies developed within classical pharmaceutical education and including modules focused on industrial pharmacy broadens the scope of practical application of the pharmacist qualification and increases its demand in industrial pharmacy.

Introduction. The antiallergic activity of the phytospecies «Phytoeczemaderm» recommended for topical therapy of eczema was studied.

Material and methods. The study of antiallergic activity was carried out on a model of allergic contact dermatitis caused by skin application of turpentine. As reference preparation were used: antihistamine preparation «Diphenhydramine» gel 1%; glucocorticoid preparation (topical steroid) «Clobetasol» cream 0,05%; zinc preparation «Zinc ointment 10%».

Results. During the experiment, it was found, that the test preparation has a reliable antiallergic activity, which is reliably manifested in a decrease in the total allergic reaction, in a reduction in recovery time and in a decrease in the dynamics of the severity of allergic reactions. Also, the study of antiallergic activity showed, that the test preparation has a comparable antiallergic activity with reference synthetic preparation.

Conclusion. The foregoing indicates the presence of a reliable antiallergic activity in the «Phytoeczemaderm» preparation, which is comparable to reference synthetic preparations.