Fine soils as the objects of biodiagnostics

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The current sanitary and hygienic approach to assessing toxicity of various natural environments based on the comparison of numerical indices of pollutant concentrations with the standard permissible ones, does not meet the principles of modern environmental safety. This is especially true taking in consideration a constantly increasing number of potentially toxic compounds, the complexity of their composition and the variety of possible routes of their release into the environment. In this regard, the methods for assessing the quality and condition of natural environments based on the use of biological objects – biodiagnostics – are becoming acute in various areas of research. The methods for studying aquatic environments and soils are well developed; however, in relation to ground systems, there is still no clearly defined and generally accepted theory of environmental regulation of their condition, in particular the one based on the biotic concept. The article gives basic concepts and describes the main methods of biodiagnostics of the ecological status of natural environments in general and soil systems in particular used today. Taking into account the basic positions of soil and rock engineering, the features of assessing the ecological status of fine soils are characterized. Proceeding from the results of large-scale experimental studies conducted by the authors, the effectiveness of biotesting methods using hydrobionts, application and eluate phytotesting on various test cultures was assessed in relation to soil systems. The results of using chemical-analytical methods for ecotoxicological assessment of soils with biotesting methods were also compared. It is concluded that assessing the ecological state of fine soils with phytotesting methods, using the fine soil proper as a substratum is highly reliable. We suggest to improve biodiagnostics of the ecological state of fine soils, taking into account the characteristics of the object of study and possible routes of toxicant migration.

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作者简介

I. Grigorieva

Lomonosov Moscow State University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: ikagrig@inbox.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991

A. Morozov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: morozov8pro@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991

S. Sadov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: sergik0599@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991

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2. Fig. 1. Production and consumption waste generation by hazard class in Russia, million tonnes [compiled by the authors on the basis of data 1, 10, 13].

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3. Fig. 2. General view of the result of biotesting on distilled water (a), sand (b), loam (c) and loam (d) in Petri dishes using cress (Lepidium sativum L.) culture.

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4. Fig. 3. Semi-automatic processing of biotesting results using a software package based on machine learning (a - control sample, b - loam sampled in Moscow).

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5. Fig. 4. Sequence of biotesting using the branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna Straus.

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6. Fig. 5. Sequence of biotesting using Scenedesmus quadricuda.

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7. Fig. 6. Fragment of the working log of tablet phytotesting results.

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8. Fig. 7. Pathways of possible ingestion of chemical elements from the upper horizons of the Earth's crust into the human body.

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9. Fig. 8. Toxicity index of the tested samples determined by tablet phytotesting in relation to white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The abscissa axis shows the composition of the model contamination of quartz fine sands: DT - diesel fuel, NaCl - table salt solution; in brackets - percentage by mass of the contaminant.

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10. Fig. 9. Semi-automatic processing of phytotesting results using a software package based on machine learning (a - control sample, b - sample with combined model contamination).

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