Vol 45, No 5 (2019)

Abstract—The results of breeding using transgressive variability during 1985–2018 on the Don are presented. The location is a chernozem steppe with frequent frosts and insufficient and unstable moistening over the years. The technology of breeding was common: the pedigree and bulk methods were used. When laying a breeding nursery, the following approaches were new: sowing up to 45 000 untreated ears of a designed planter (to eliminate weeding during threshing ears), determining the frost resistance of plants that have been hardened in the field in bundles placed in plastic bags in low temperatures, and determining their viability for 3 days after freezing by the Don method. A large layer of studies (more than 11 000 populations) was analyzed, starting with the F₁ population and ending with the completion of formation for each one. It is confirmed that transgression that is the result of the recombination is observed in populations whose parents do not have extreme expression of the trait. It is established that populations should be heterogeneous with long-term formation. This happens when parents have very few common genes and when there is no restriction on recombination due to too large differences in components. With the presence of overdominance in F₁ in many studied populations, it is possible to predict the appearance of transgressions (for frost-resistance and productivity in our case) with an average frequency of 0.25-4.36%. They are also possible, but an order of magnitude less than when overdominated, with the incomplete and complete dominance of the trait of the best parent, the excess of parents in F₂ on average for the population, or with an intermediate inheritance in F₂. This should be accompanied by large volumes of studying the breeding material in the first stages and the presence of various stresses. Of the 38 varieties that were included in the State Register of Russia, 29 were transgressive recombinants for winter hardiness and productivity. They all withstand –18°С on the tillering knot.

Abstract—In the nonchernozem zone of Russia, including the Ryazan oblast, spring camelina is a minor crop like other oilseeds, such as flax, rape, and mustard species. Expansion of this crop is constrained by lack of exhaustive recommendations on its cultivation technology. The aims were to study the productivity characteristics of the Yubilar spring camelina variety and to optimize the main elements of the variety-specific technology (seeding rate and sowing time) for obtaining high and stable yields of oilseeds in this region. The research was conducted at the Kostychev Ryazan State Agrotechnological University on the experimental fields of the Agrotechnopark Education and Scientific Innovation Center in Ryazan raion of Ryazan oblast on gray forest soils. To obtain stable sustainable yields of spring camelina, the crop density at harvesting time should be at least 420 plants/m², while the optimal density is 400–450 plants m^–2. Increasing the seeding rate above 8 million units of viable seeds per 1 ha led to a very dense crop stand, which led to a decrease in both yield and quality of seeds. The seeding rate of 7.0 million viable seeds per 1 ha should be considered optimal for spring camelina. Increasing the rate up to 8.0 million units per 1 ha did not significantly enhance crop productivity but caused an excessive seed discharge, while deteriorating the sprouting quality and increasing the risk of lodging and diseases. The best sowing period in our experiments was the first decade of May.

Abstract—The integrated effect in application of the mineral fertilizer application and protective measures influencing the weed infestation and potato yield was revealed. It was mostly developed during the second half of the vegetation and expressed in stronger suppression of plant development (from 36.6 to 20.4 and 11.1 g/m², respectively, on low, moderate, and high mineral nutrition), in the reduction of species diversity (from 12 to 10 and 10 species/m², respectively), and number of weeds (from 69 to 42 and 32 specimen/m²). The highest biological (biomass reduction was 95.3% and the number of weeds was 79%) and economic (yield increase was 228 c/ha or 107%) effects were achieved by the high rates of mineral fertilizer application and combined protective measures of potato plants from weeds. This variant was also characterized by the greatest profitability (125.3%), whereas chemical protection, providing double treatment of potato plantings with herbicides, even at the moderate and high levels of mineral nutrition, was less effective (102.6 and 109%) in economic terms.

Abstract—The level of nitrogen consumption in the eroded sod-podzolic soil in a water-parting area of the slope with crop rotation cycle three was estimated, and the values were compared with the lower part of the slope. The consumption of nitrogen from nitrogen fertilizers by legume–grasses was increased by 20%, the consumption of soil nitrogen by 67%, and the consumption of symbiotic nitrogen by 23%. The immobilization of nitrogen from fertilizers is reduced; nitrogen loss in the gaseous form increases. In case of local application of nitrogen fertilizers, the level of nitrogen consumption from fertilizers was increased by 14%, soil nitrogen by 7–10%, and symbiotic nitrogen by 26–53% compared with the scattered method of application. Local application also provides a higher level of nitrogen consumption (by 1.2–1.2 times) and nitrogen immobilization (by 1.2–1.2 times) and lower amount of nitrogen lost in a gaseous form (by 1.6–2.6 times). The productivity of legume–grasses increases by 6–11%; the content of crude protein in phytomass increases by 0.3–1.1%; the content of nitrates is lower by 7–16%.

Abstract—Prognostic significance of the hemostasis system’s parameters in dogs with parvovirus infection has been evaluated. Blood test results of dead (n = 4) and surviving dogs (n = 11) on the third and fifth day of illness at 2–6-months of age were compared with each other and with results from the blood test of healthy dogs in the control group (n = 10). By the third day of the disease, as markers of an unfavorable prognosis, one can distinguish a decrease in platelet count to 285.97 ± 14.84 × 10⁹/L, an increase in the average platelet volume to 8.5 ± 1.7 fl, and platelet survival time (PST) to 0.53 ± 0.02%, summing up of the platelet aggregation index with ADP induction aggregators to 131.67 ± 9.28% and ristomycin to 127.77 ± 14.71%, a decrease in disaggregation with ADP aggregation inducers to 1.03 ± 1.03% and ristomycin to 0.08 ± 0.08%, an increase in the amount of fibrinogen to 5.2 ± 0.49 g/L and soluble fibrin-monomer complexes to 12.97 ± 1.15 mg/100 mL with a decrease in antithrombin activity to 105.3 ± 3.16%. By the fifth day of illness, the risk of death is associated with such parameters as a progressive decrease in platelet count to 227 ± 15.64 × 10⁹/L with a decrease in the average platelet volume to 5.5 ± 1.2 fl as well as PST to 0.21 ± 0.03% with a summing platelet aggregation index with ADP aggregation inducers to 31.67 ± 12.03%, with collagen to 15.53 ± 4.26%, and ristomycin to 14.8 ± 5.6%; a decrease in disaggregation with ADP by 81%, with collagen by 77%, and with ristomycin by 98.7%; an increase in prothrombin time from 14.17 ± 0.24 to 18.5 ± 2.9 s, thrombin time from 9.07 ± 0.58 to 15.3 ± 2.08 s, and activated partial thromboplastin time from 18.03 ± 1.54 to 26.37 ± 1.57 s as well as soluble fibrin-monomer complexes to 17.3 ± 1.17 mg/100 mL; a decrease in the amount of fibrinogen to 2.73 ± 0.89 g/L and antithrombin activity to 88.63 ± 14.93%.

Abstract—The paper notes the interest of the population in bakery products with various functional additives instead of traditional wheat bread. It presents a method for preparing bread fortified with crushed safflower seeds, which was developed according to the following recipe: wheat flour (564 g), safflower seeds (60 g), salt (10 g), pressed yeast (54 g), vegetable oil (13 g), sugar (35 g), and drinking water (284 g). Whole-ground safflower seeds are a nontraditional vegetable additive—a source of high-grade vegetable protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (including linoleic and linolenic acids), dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The effect of the whole-ground safflower seed additive to texture properties was studied. The water absorption capacity of the experimental sample was found to be 7% lower than that of the control (without safflower), which is explained by the hydrophobicity of the whole-ground safflower seed additive due to the high fat content. A change in the rheological parameters of the experimental sample due to the chemical composition of the introduced additive was revealed. During the experiment, the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of bread were studied. The experimental samples had a smooth, crack-free surface, uniform porosity and light-yellow color in the fracture, and taste and smell peculiar to this type of product, which had a pleasant, delicate flavor and aroma of the additive. A slight increase in the indicators of porosity, acidity, shape stability and humidity compared with the control sample was noted. The technological scheme of production and the recipe of bread with the addition of whole-ground safflower seeds were worked out; the optimal technological parameters of production were determined.

Abstract—New designs of tillage and seeding equipment are presented. Technological and technical deficiencies of the existing working bodies for surface tillage and sowing equipment of row crops are noted. To eliminate the shortcomings, new universal working bodies of tillage and sowing units are proposed, which provide for the mechanization and automation of working processes of tillage and seeding of various row crops. Their technological and technical advantages over existing traditional working bodies are given. The technical characteristics of the new working bodies are presented, which allow simultaneously performing four operations: cultivation, para-ploughing, seeding, and leveling the field surface. Implementation of the para-plough in the form of two disks with rollers on its inner surface allows cutting a slit along the sides from the vertical axis of seed placement at a depth of almost twice the sowing depth to improve the water–air regime, with simultaneous compaction of the soil by the rollers. The final operation to level the soil across the entire width of the cultivator’s foot grasp is carried out by a smoothing harrow. The design of a modernized pneumatic sowing unit for various sowing techniques, ensuring the simultaneous sowing of seeds of several types of row crops with their placement at different planting depths in accordance with agrotechnical requirements, is also presented.