University proceedings. Volga region. Humanities

Background. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that the study of relations between the central and local authorities during the period of V.N. Tat ishchev’s leadership of the Orenburg expedition (commission) makes it possible to trace the policy of the Cabinet of Ministers in the south-east of the European Russia in the second half of the 1730s. The purpose of the work is to study the strategy of the Cabinet in its in teraction with the Senate in the south-east in 1737–1739. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of documents extracted from the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the United State Archive of Orenburg Region, the Scientific Archive of Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as on the study of pub lished legislative and office records materials. The study utilized historical-genetic and comparative-historical methods. Results. The work of the system of higher state institutions – the Cabinet of Ministers and the Senate in the south-east in 1737–1739 is analyzed. The change in the policy of the Cabinet after the Bashkir uprising of 1735–1736 is revealed. Conclusions. In the second half of the 1730s, the mechanism of interaction between the “Cabinet-Senate” institutions was finally formed in favor of the Cabinet as the leading link in the system of central authorities. The policy of the Cabinet in the south-eastern direction under Tatishchev became more cautious. 

Background. In the context of the need to involve citizens in solving the prob lems of local self-government, there is a need to study the experience of solving problems by zemstvo councils, how local governments at the stage of the Russian revolution of 1917. An assessment is given of the manifestations and consequences of the unprecedented reor ganization of zemstvo councils in the form of an exacerbation of inter-party disagreements and the impossibility of implementing a huge number of tasks that were assigned by the state to zemstvo self-government bodies. The purpose of the work is to study the manifesta tions and results of the process of reforming zemstvo self-government in revolutionary Russia. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved on the basis of the use of articles of the journal “Zemskoe Delo” which was published under the editorship of prominent theorists and practitioners of local self-government of pre revolutionary Russia – Boris Borisovich Veselovsky (1880–1954) and Dmitry Dmitrievich Protopopov (1865–1934) in St. Petersburg (Petrograd) in 1909–1918. Methodological po tential includes: a relatively historical method, the use of which allows you to compare the methods of resolving various tasks by zemstvo administrations. Conclusions. An assess ment is given of the manifestations and consequences of the unprecedented reorganization of zemstvo administrations in the form of aggravation of inter-party disagreements and the impossibility of implementing a huge number of tasks that were assigned by the state to the zemstvo self-government bodies at one of the turning points in the history of Russian state hood. The study of the process of reforming zemstvo self-government in revolutionary Rus sia makes it possible to understand the facts of the impossibility of turning zemstvo admin istrations into full-fledged local government bodies, which was originally planned. The au thor concluded that the projects of the Provisional Government itself to turn zemstvos into schools of local self-government in the Russian province did not find their implementation, both because of the weak interest in the problems of self-government in Russian society, expressed in the growing apathy, and because of acute social class disagreements that arose when discussing any problems of local life. 

Background. This article analyzes the socio-demographic development of villag es in the Kuibyshev region (1953–1964); various forms of migration to cities have been identified, which accelerated the process of continuous decline in the rural population. This problem is becoming particularly relevant at the present stage of the development of the Russian Federation due to the increasing rate of rural population decline, which hinders Russia’s economic development. The purpose of the work is to study the features of the so cio-demographic development of rural areas of Kuibyshev region and the factors that influ enced the birth rate, mortality, family and marriage relations of the peasant population. In the period 1953–1964, there was an increase in negative trends in the demographic situation of the village due to an increase in mortality and a decrease in the birth rate, and the reloca tion of the able-bodied population to cities. Materials and methods. The analysis was based on materials from the archival collections of Samara region, the All-Russian population censuses, and demographic statistics. The methodological basis consists of: problematic chronological, comparative-historical, as well as statistical research methods. Results. The consequences of the losses of Kuibyshev village have been revealed, starting from the peri od of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the post-war period associated with the increasing outflow of peasants to the cities. The processes associated with a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality in rural areas as part of the “demographic transition” that has begun, combined with a low level of provision and poor prospects for rural life, have marked a steady trend towards a decrease in the rural population. Conclusions. Negative trends in the socio-demographic development of Kuibyshev village adversely affected the state of agriculture in the region, reduced the production potential of the village, creating serious problems for the country’s economy in the future. 

Background. In recent years, the method of stamp analysis of coins has been in creasingly used in historical and numismatic research, which makes it possible to model many aspects of economic development and reconstruct various processes of historical real ity with their help. The stamp comparison method makes it possible not only to present the specifics of the coin manufacturing technology, but also to determine many parameters of monetary circulation in various states at different stages of their development based on the determination of the number of stamps used for their minting and, accordingly, the number of coins minted. This method was developed primarily in the framework of the study of an cient numismatics, mainly the Roman Republican mint. In the context of the problem, the analysis of the coinage of the triumviri monetales 82 BC, in particular by P. Crepusius and L. Censorin, is of particular importance. The research results of foreign scientists may well form the basis for the reconstruction of the activities of the mints of the Golden Horde. Ma terials and methods. The realization of research objectives was achieved on the basis of the dialectical method of cognition of historical processes, which includes the principles of his toricism, objectivity and consistency. When studying the topic, it is necessary to use an in terdisciplinary approach and, in particular, data from various auxiliary historical disciplines, in particular, numismatics, paleography, and metrology. Results. The article analyzes the works of foreign and domestic researchers related to the use of the method of stamp analy sis in ancient and Golden Horde numismatics. The main factors of the use of stamp analysis of coins for modeling various aspects of economic development and reconstruction of vari ous processes of historical reality are considered on the example of the activities of the mint of the city of Mokhshi. Conclusions. The use of the stamp comparison method can help in attributing Mokhshi dangs and pools, clarifying their dating, and determining the issuer’s name. Establishing the number of coins issued will not only provide an opportunity to draw interesting conclusions about the development of trade and trade relations, but also, based on the monetary circulation of the Volga region, will make it possible to determine the influence of the district center on the nearest district, will make it possible to closely study the number of people living in this district and the problem of Golden Horde demography in general. 

Background. The actual importance of the chosen topic is determined by the need for a comprehensive study of various issues and forms of relations between the gov ernment and society of the Russian province at the moments of fundamental historical changes, one of which was the period of implementation of the new economic policy, when all subsystems of society changed, the ideological attitudes of the population were trans formed. Similar processes have been taking place quite recently: a change of ideas about the place and role of various social groups in Russian society, as the basis for newly formed moods. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively consider the problem of the relationship between government and society during the NEP years based on the materials of the Penza province in order to find effective experience in the sustainable development of regions. Special attention is paid to the issues of interaction between the government and the population in solving the problem of homelessness and neglect, since the attitude to wards minors determines the future development of any society. Materials and methods. The article uses various materials: archival, the results of research on the relationship be tween government and the population in Russian historiography, legal sources (legislative and other official acts). Methodological approaches based on the principles of scientific consistency, objectivity, and historicism defined the subject of the study. Results. A comprehensive study of the phenomena and facts of reality was based on an objective and im partial interpretation and evaluation. The nature of the interaction between government and society in the period under study is analyzed. The problem of relations with the authorities in the Penza province in crisis socio-economic and political conditions is considered. The peculiarities of the perception of the population of the province of the events held by the authorities are reflected, contradictions in the relationship between the Penza public and the authorities are revealed, and the peculiarities of the existence of society in these historical conditions are reflected. The influence of state policy on relations within society and over coming one of the most important problems – homelessness and neglect of children is stud ied. Conclusions. Throughout the new economic policy, the relationship between society and government was contradictory. The problems in the implementation of the NEP direct ly affected the relations between local party and state bodies and the Penza public. The cre ation of the grassroots structures of the Soviet government was actually imposed on the peasantry as an entity hostile to the community. Volost and village councils acted in the field of administrative management, accounting and control, other issues were attributed to the powers of the assembly, which strengthened the countercultural nature of the Soviet government in relation to the community. In the second half of the 1920s, the new govern ment absorbed the community, and the local structures of the Bolshevik Party possessed re al fullness of power. Throughout the 1920s, there was an increase in social tension. The problem of homelessness and neglect of minors was acute. At the initial stage of the NEP, there were no well-coordinated institutions and actions aimed at overcoming the studied social phenomena.

Background. Despite a significant number of publications about the Penza region during the Great Patriotic War, information about individual industrial enterprises remains incomplete and requires clarification on a number of parameters. The article is devoted to certain aspects of the activities of the military plant No. 704 in Kamenka. Materials and methods. The work is written mainly on the basis of poorly developed materials from the State Archive of Penza region. The methods used were dialectical, comparative-historical and historical-critical. Results. Some outdated information about plant No. 704 has been re vised. Conclusions. The placement of evacuated equipment in the open air was short-lived, and two main production buildings were completed in October. The date of the start of ammunition production should be moved to an earlier date. In 1941, the plant produced 57-mm shells, from January 1942 – 45-mm shells, production of mortar mines at the Kamensk plant began in the spring of 1942. 

 Background. In modern Russian historiography, the crisis and collapse of state hood at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s are considered as catastrophic results of the socio cultural transformation of the USSR. In this context, the relevance of the work is due to the need for a scientific analysis of reforms in the field of education as one of the most im portant resources for the adaptation of Soviet society to the challenges of the time, reflect ing the specifics of the socio-cultural transition. The appeal to regional aspects is deter mined by the low degree of study of the educational reform of 1984 based on the materials of Penza region. The purpose of this work is to analyze the reform of the education system in 1984 in Penza region. Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the basis of historical sources identified in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, State Archive of Penza region, as well as ideological materials and normative legal acts. In solving research problems, methods of systematic analysis of historical processes, as well as comparative study of historical sources of various species were used. Results. The study examined the general principles, goals and objectives of the 1984 reform, the results of the implementation of this reform in various areas in the Penza region in the period from 1984 to 1987. The main achievements and problems in the implementation of measures at the level of cities, districts and entire region were identified. The dynamics of the activities of local authorities in various areas of reforming the public education system is considered. Conclusions. The need to reform the education system in the USSR was due to the slow down in the socio-economic development of the country, the decline in the quality of knowledge and professional skills among graduates of the public education system. The fol lowing were highlighted as priority tasks for the implementation of reforms: improving the structure and content of school education, developing labor training and education, increasing the status and role of a teacher in society. With some success in the implementation of the reform, it is worth recognizing that none of the tasks set has been solved definitively. And the democratization processes that began in the USSR gave rise to a radical restructuring of the structure and content of education and educational policy in general. 

Kirmze Shtefan B. Empire of law: legal change and cultural diversity in late Imperial Russia : monograph / translated from English by A. Lange. M. : New letarature review, 2023. 430 p.