Using the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy (literature review)
- Authors: Loginova K.A.1, Sisina O.N.2, Koikova L.A.1, Kotovskiy A.V.1
-
Affiliations:
- Medical Institute, Penza State University
- Candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of the sub-department of polyclinic therapy and mobilization training in healthcare
- Issue: No 3 (2025)
- Pages: 70-83
- Section: INTERNAL DISEASES
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/2072-3032/article/view/355303
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.21685/2072-3032-2025-3-7
- ID: 355303
Cite item
Full Text
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a set of metabolic aberrations resulting from absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Diabetic nephropathy, a common microvascular complication associated with diabetes mellitus, is the main etiologic factor of end-stage renal failure, thereby significantly increasing clinical mortality. The purpose of this study is to examine empirical data on the use of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and, in particular, its complication, diabetic nephropathy. The analysis of published material was carried out over the past 10 years using Pubmed and Russian Science Citation Index resources. The review reflects the current results of roxadustat studies in relation to diabetic nephropathy, describes the pathophysiological basis of diabetes mellitus, which include many pathological mechanisms, in particular, increased formation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and metabolic imbalance. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of both of these processes. Roxadustat is an activator of hypoxia- inducible factor-1α, increasing the transcriptional efficiency of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD). Although interventions targeting these factors can slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy, they are not sufficient to completely halt the progression of this disease. Innovative pharmacotherapeutic approaches aimed at the treatment of diabetes mellitus can significantly close this gap, compared to traditional risk factor reduction strategies. Inhibitors of the hypoxiainducible enzyme prolyl hydroxylase have a modulating effect on maintaining metabolic homeostasis in the body under hypoxic conditions, thereby activating many downstream signaling pathways, including glucose transporter protein-1 (GLUT1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), and others.
About the authors
Kseniya A. Loginova
Medical Institute, Penza State University
Author for correspondence.
Email: klogin88@mail.ru
Assistant of the sub-department of polyclinic therapy and mobilization training in healthcare
(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)Ol'ga N. Sisina
Candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of the sub-department of polyclinic therapy and mobilization training in healthcare
Email: klogin88@mail.ru
Medical Institute, Penza State University
(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)Lyudmila A. Koikova
Medical Institute, Penza State University
Email: klogin88@mail.ru
Assistant of the sub-department of polyclinic therapy and mobilization training in healthcare
(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)Aleksandr V. Kotovskiy
Medical Institute, Penza State University
Email: klogin88@mail.ru
professor, associate professor of the sub-department of polyclinic therapy and mobilization training in healthcare
(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)References
- Cho N.H., Shaw J.E., Karuranga S. et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271‒281. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023
- Wojciechowska J., Krajewski W., Bolanowski M., Kręcicki T., Zatoński T. Diabetes and Cancer: a Review of Current Knowledge. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2016;124(5):263‒275. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-100910
- Magliano D.J., Boyko E.J. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2021. Available at: https://www.diabetesatlas.org
- Rathwa N., Patel R., Palit S.P. et al. β-cell replenishment: Possible curative approaches for diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(11):1870‒1881. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.006
- Atif M., Saleem Q., Babar Z.U., Scahill S. Association between the Vicious Cycle of Di-abetes-Associated Complications and Glycemic Control among the Elderly: A System-atic Review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2018;54(5):73. doi: 10.3390/ medicina54050073
- Grzeszczak W., Szczyra D., Śnit M. Whether Prolyl Hydroxylase Blocker-Roxadustat- In the Treatment of Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Is the Future? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1612. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041612
- Dhillon S. Roxadustat: First Global Approval. Drugs. 2019;79(5):563‒572. doi: 10.1007/s40265-019-01077-1
- Jatho A., Zieseniss A., Brechtel-Curth K. et al. The HIFα-Stabilizing Drug Roxadustat Increases the Number of Renal Epo-Producing Sca-1+ Cells. Cells. 2022;11(4):753. doi: 10.3390/cells11040753
- Zhu X., Jiang L., Wei X., Long M., Du Y. Roxadustat: Not just for anemia. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:971795. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.971795
- Catrina S.B., Zheng X. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in diabetes and its complications. Diabetologia. 2021;64(4):709‒716. doi: 10.1007/s00125-021-05380-z
- Koufakis T., Karras S.N., Mustafa O.G., Zebekakis P., Kotsa K. The Effects of High Altitude on Glucose Homeostasis, Metabolic Control, and Other Diabetes-Related Parameters: From Animal Studies to Real Life. High Alt Med Biol. 2019;20(1):1‒11. doi: 10.1089/ham.2018.0076
- Ridzuan N., John C.M., Sandrasaigaran P. et al. Preliminary study on overproduction of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(13):271‒278. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i13.271
- Zheng X., Narayanan S., Xu C. et al. Repression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 contributes to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in diabetes. Elife. 2022;11:e70714. doi: 10.7554/eLife.70714
- Catrina S.B., Zheng X. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in diabetes and its complications. Diabetologia. 2021;64(4):709‒716. doi: 10.1007/s00125-021-05380-z
- Liu M., Galli G., Wang Y. et al. Novel Therapeutic Targets for Hypoxia-Related Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of HIF-1. Front Physiol. 2020;11:774. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00774
- Xing W., Larkin D., Pourteymoor S. et al. Lack of Skeletal Effects in Mice with Targeted Disruptionof Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain 1 (Phd1) Gene Expressed in Chondrocytes. Life (Basel). 2022;13(1):106. doi: 10.3390/life13010106
- Drozdovska S., Gavenauskas B., Drevytska T. et al. siRNA-induced silencing of hypoxia- inducible factor 3α (HIF3α) increases endurance capacity in rats. Biol Sport. 2016;33(2):99‒106. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1196509
- Kaplan J.M., Sharma N., Dikdan S. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Its Role in the Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(2):389. doi: 10.3390/ijms19020389
- Liu T., Abboud M.I., Chowdhury R. et al. Biochemical and biophysical analyses of hypoxia sensing prolyl hydroxylases from Dictyostelium discoideum and Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem. 2020;295(49):16545‒16561. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.013998
- Rodriguez J., Haydinger C.D., Peet D.J., Nguyen L.K., von Kriegsheim A. Asparagine Hydroxylation is a Reversible Post-translational Modification. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2020;19(11):1777‒1789. doi: 10.1074/mcp.RA120.002189
- Weinhouse C. The roles of inducible chromatin and transcriptional memory in cellular defense system responses to redox-active pollutants. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;170:85‒108. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.018
- Nguyen T.H., Conotte S., Belayew A., Declèves A.E., Legrand A., Tassin A. Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Signaling in Muscular Dystrophies: Cause and Consequences. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):7220. doi: 10.3390/ijms22137220
- Fiorini G., Marshall S.A., Figg W.D.Jr., Myers W.K., Brewitz L., Schofield C.J. Human prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 reacts with O2 and 2-oxoglutarate to enable formation of inactive Fe(III).2OG.hypoxia-inducible-factor α complexes. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):26162. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75761-y
- Fang T., Ma C., Zhang Z., Sun L., Zheng N. Roxadustat, a HIF-PHD inhibitor with exploitable potential on diabetes-related complications. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1088288. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1088288
- Del Vecchio L., Minutolo R. ESA, Iron Therapy and New Drugs: Are There New Perspectives in the Treatment of Anaemia? J Clin Med. 2021;10:839. doi: 10.3390/jcm10040839
- Akizawa T., Iwasaki M., Yamaguchi Y., Majikawa Y., Reusch M. Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Comparator (Darbepoetin Alfa) Study of Oral Roxadustat in CKD Patients with Anemia on Hemodialysis in Japan. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(7):1628‒1639. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2019060623
- Pugh C.W. Modulation of the Hypoxic Response. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;903:259‒271. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_18
- Locatelli F., Minutolo R., De Nicola L., Del Vecchio L. Evolving Strategies in the Treat-ment of Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: The HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors. Drugs. 2022;82(16):1565‒1589. doi: 10.1007/s40265-022-01783-3
- Haase V.H. Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2021;11:8–25. doi: 10.1016/j. kisu.2020.12.002
- Besarab A., Provenzano R., Hertel J. et al. Randomized placebo-controlled dose-ranging and pharmacodynamics study of roxadustat (FG-4592) to treat anemia in nondialysisdependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(10):1665‒1673. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfv302
- Chen N., Qian J., Chen J. et al. Phase 2 studies of oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor FG-4592 for treatment of anemia in China. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(8):1373‒1386. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfx011
- Del Vecchio L., Locatelli F. Roxadustat in the treatment of anaemia in chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2018;27(1):125‒133. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1417386 33. Tian L., Wang M., Liu M. et al. Cardiovascular and renal safety outcomes of hypoxiainducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat for anemia patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2024;46(1):2313864. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2024.2313864
- Thomas M.C., Brownlee M., Susztak K., Sharma K., Jandeleit-Dahm K. A., Zoungas S., Cooper M.E. Diabetic kidney disease. Nature Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1(1):1‒20.
- Pereira P.R., Carrageta D.F., Oliveira P.F., Rodrigues A., Alves M.G., Monteiro M.P. Metabolomics as a tool for the early diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic kidney disease. Med Res Rev. 2022;42(4):1518‒1544. doi: 10.1002/med.21883
- Liu J., Wei Q., Guo C. et al. Hypoxia, HIF, and Associated Signaling Networks in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(5):950. doi: 10.3390/ijms18050950
- Mora-Gutiérrez J.M., Fernández-Seara M.A., Echeverria-Chasco R., Garcia-Fernandez N. Perspectives on the Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for Noninvasive Evaluation of Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2461. doi: 10.3390/jcm10112461
- Zheng Y., Ley S.H., Hu F.B. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(2):88‒98. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.151
- Jiang N., Zhao H., Han Y. et al. HIF-1α ameliorates tubular injury in diabetic nephropathy via HO-1-mediated control of mitochondrial dynamics. Cell Prolif. 2020;53(11):e12909. doi: 10.1111/cpr.12909
- Allison S.J. Diabetic nephropathy: HIF activation in prevention of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10(11):612. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.177
- Mima A. Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors for renal anemia in chronic kidney disease: Advantages and disadvantages. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;912:174583. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174583
- Mäkinen S., Sree S., Ala-Nisula T., Kultalahti H., Koivunen P., Koistinen H.A. Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway by roxadustat improves glucose metabolism in human primary myotubes from men. Diabetologia. 2024;67(9):1943‒1954. doi: 10.1007/s00125-024-06185-6
- Yang Y., Yu X., Zhang Y. et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat (FG-4592) protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Clin Sci (Lond). 2018;132(7):825‒838. doi: 10.1042/CS20171625
- Xie R.Y., Fang X.L., Zheng X.B. et al. Salidroside and FG-4592 ameliorate high glucose- induced glomerular endothelial cells injury via HIF upregulation. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;118:109175. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109175
- Wu M., Chen W., Miao M. et al. Anti-anemia drug FG4592 retards the AKI-to-CKD transition by improving vascular regeneration and antioxidative capability. Clin Sci (Lond). 2021;135(14):1707‒1726. doi: 10.1042/CS20210100
- Li X., Zou Y., Xing J. et al. Pretreatment with Roxadustat (FG-4592) Attenuates Folic Acid-Induced Kidney Injury through Antiferroptosis via Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:6286984. doi: 10.1155/2020/6286984
- Zhang M., Dong R., Yuan J., Da J., Zha Y., Long Y. Roxadustat (FG-4592) protects against ischaemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury through inhibiting the mitochondrial damage pathway in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2022;49(2):311‒318. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.13601
- Li X., Jiang B., Zou Y., Zhang J., Fu Y.Y., Zhai X.Y. Roxadustat (FG-4592) Facilitates Recovery From Renal Damage by Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Folic Acid. Front Pharmacol. 2022;12:788977. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.788977
- Miao A.F., Liang J.X., Yao L., Han J.L., Zhou L.J. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat (FG-4592) protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammation. Ren Fail. 2021;43(1):803‒810. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2021.1915801
- Ding Z.Y., Tang T.T., Li Z.L. et al. Therapeutic Effect of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Enzyme Inhibitor-Treated Cells on Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2022;8(3):206‒216. doi: 10.1159/000522584
- Yang H., Wu Y., Cheng M. et al. Roxadustat (FG-4592) protects against ischaemiainduced acute kidney injury via improving CD73 and decreasing AIM2 inflammasome activation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023;38(4):858‒875. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfac308
Supplementary files
















