编号 3 (2024)

Informal employment is one of the most demanded economic issues in both developed and developing countries. The experiment on the introduction of a professional income tax, which started in Russia in 2019, had a certain positive impact on financial and economic indicators, including tax deductions. However, the question of the actual impact of the tax regime on the number of people employed in the informal sector is still open. The usual comparisons of statistical data do not allow us to speak unequivocally about the impact of a new tax regime on informal employment in Russia. The study purpose is to assess the impact of the professional income tax on the informal employment using econometric methods. One of the quantitative methods of policy assessment, the “difference-in-differences” method, was chosen as the main research method. The introduction of the regime in Russian regions at different times allows us to apply this method. Such estimates are not yet available in domestic works. The information base was Rosstat data on employment in the informal sector in the context of 82 regions for 2019–2020. A regression model with fixed effects was evaluated, taking into account the effects of time. The evaluation results showed that the tax introduction variable turned out to be statistically insignificant. Thus, we cannot say that it was the professional income tax that had a decreasing or increasing effect on the share of people employed in the informal sector. Data on the number of people employed in the informal sector in subsequent years are multidirectional, which indirectly also confirms the difficulty of an unambiguous answer to the question of the impact of the tax regime on employment in the informal sector, which includes the self-employed.

Improving health and increasing life expectancy of the population is inextricably linked with its involvement in physical education and sports. Observations show that along with the growing involvement of Russians in mass sports, a significant part of citizens do not yet use physical activity for their health, recuperation, recreation, and socialization. The purpose of the study is, through interdisciplinary analysis, to identify factors for the possible involvement of various socio-demographic groups of the population in regular mass sports and to substantiate the directions for its further development. The empirical basis of the study was the materials of official statistics, sample observations, surveys and polls. To process empirical data, grouping methods, comparative analysis, and expert assessments were used. In the process of the study, the main reasons for the passive attitude of certain groups of the population towards mass sports were identified: lack of time, poor health, age, lack of accessible sports facilities and services, difficulty in overcoming oneself. The elements of scientific novelty of this study are the substantiation of the need for a more specific relationship between medicine and sports, a comparative analysis of the possibilities of expanding sports physical activity of the population in the paid and free segments of mass sports, the development of digital transformation of the sphere of mass sports to increase the accessibility and quality of its services.

The practical significance of the study is that the proposed measures are aimed at increasing the interest and value of sports activity of various target groups of the population while simultaneously considering the real conditions of their implementation. The article substantiates the feasibility of a closer relationship between medicine, medical consultations and recommendations for physical activity, especially for older people with health problems; conducting regular observations of the dynamics of the contingents involved in mass sports and changes in their motivation; strengthening marketing and promotion of sports services and facilities in the media, public service advertising, social networks; providing preferences to entrepreneurs for renting premises, plots of land, organizing sports facilities, participating in the sponsorship of mass sporting events; development and use of training methods combining offline and online elements for target consumer groups; wider use of digital technologies and services for monitoring business processes in mass sports, increasing its efficiency and quality of services.

In the context of interregional socio-economic differentiation and the need for assigning limited financial resources, the most important issue for public administration and private investors is a competent choice of growth points in the regional economy.

The article is devoted to the analysis of methodological approaches used for growth points formation of the regional economy.

The aim of the article is to aggregate and systematize the available methods for identifying points (poles, centers) of regional economic growth. The author defines the mathematical and statistical methods group and the expert assessment methods group for determining growth points. Within the first group, the author considers examples of growth points searching based on the use of cluster analysis, spatial analysis, analysis of structural shifts in the economy, cyclical analysis (Kitchin waves), descriptive and comparative analysis. The possibility of use the economic, mathematical and econometric modeling is the main advantage of these methods group. Within the second group, the author identifies resource, criteria, innovation, spatial, cognitive (foresight) and directive approaches. The relative simplicity, practical orientation and the possibility of a creative approach in the search for growth points is the main advantage of these methods. The insufficient correlation of the growth points forming process with an increase of the life quality of the population is the common disadvantage of the both methods groups. According to the author, the optimal solution is a combination of mathematical and statistical methods and the expert assessment methods.

The scientific novelty of the research lies in the aggregation of existing methods for growth points searching in the regional economy and the systematization of the tools used by researchers.

The practical significance of the article lies in the fact that knowledge of approaches and tools aimed at identifying growth points provides state and municipal authorities with opportunities to structural transformation, increase the investment flows into the region, improve the life quality of its population, strengthen and develop interregional economic ties, etc.

The following methods are used for the study: content analysis, comparative analysis and a systematic approach.

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that motor transport services of federal ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, agencies subordinate to them, law enforcement and supervisory authorities are carried out by departmental road transport. The operation of departmental road transport in modern conditions is based on documents developed for public road transport. In some cases, departmental acts on the organization of the work of vehicles and personnel in relation to the functions and tasks of the relevant department are not systematically used. The operation of departmental road transport is characterized by excessive dispersion of regional production and technical bases for the maintenance, maintenance and repair of a specialized fleet, as a rule, assigned to individual institutions. As a result, more material and technical resources, rolling stock and personnel are involved in the transportation process of departmental road transport than at public road transport. Increasing the efficiency of departmental road transport consists in the consolidation and centralization of regional production and technical bases, as well as in rationing the resource provision of the transport process. The subject of the study is the regularities of the functioning of the production and technical bases units of the departmental structure. The purpose of this study is to increase the efficiency of departmental road transport operation due to the territorial integration of production and technical bases. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks, the specifics of which are determined by the features of a specialized departmental road transport on the example of the divisions of the regional Department of the Federal Penitentiary Service for the Rostov region, concluded: a) in the collection, grouping and processing of statistical information from divisions by type, model, number and costs of operation and performance of transportation in the field of transport by specialized rolling stock; b) determination by geographical coordinates of the location of divisions in the region; c) the compilation of an adjacent matrix of distances between divisions. The methodology of the study includes a methodology for the territorial integration of production and technical bases of regional units of departmental road transport based on the «center of gravity» method, taking into account the costs of operating a specialized fleet and determining the head production and technical bases. The obtained research results can be used for other departments, divisions, organizations and services of departmental structures in which a specialized fleet is involved.

The relevance of the article is determined by the importance of comprehension and theoretical explication of the origins and forms of specifically scientific cognition of objective reality, which originated in the civilizations of the ancient and medieval East (ancient Egypt and Babylon, ancient and medieval India and China, the medieval Arab-Muslim East), generally designated in the article as “politary societies”. The purpose of the article is to show the possibility and effectiveness of applying the concept of the so-called “methodological anarchism” developed by the American philosopher Paul Feyerabend (1924–1994) to the epistemological activity that took place over the course of about three millennia in societies of the politary type. As the main method of research, the author uses the ascent from the abstract to the concrete: from the abstract generalized description of the methodological principles proclaimed by Feyerabend, the author moves on to the concrete realities of the epistemological discourse of the politary epoch, demonstrating the relevance of these principles in this respect and the fruitfulness of the coverage of politary science from this perspective. Three principles of Feyerabend’s were chosen as the supporting pillars of the study: 1) “Leave science to scientists!”; 2) “Anything goes!”; 3) separation of science from the state. The unity of the logical and the historical acts as an auxiliary method: the concrete-historical features of natural-scientific and mathematical work under the conditions of politarism appear as more or less pronounced individualized specifications of those general, universal criteria of scientific activity which modern philosophy of science tries to logically reconstruct, and which (as Feyerabend never tired of showing) are still very far from perfection. As a result of the study, the author draws conclusions that have a novelty. First of all, the very possibility of successful application of the concepts developed by Feyerabend on the material of the history of Western science, far beyond the socio-cultural sphere with which the American thinker directly dealt is substantiated. Secondly, it has been demonstrated that the reasons that ensured, on the one hand, the success of scientific and cognitive research, and, on the other hand, hindered it and harmed it, were, in fact, of the same type both on the European continent and in the politary East. Thirdly, it is shown that it is the acquisition by the research community of subjectness, the right to independently form research priorities, that is the condition for obtaining significant scientific innovations, and a condition that works in any culture and in any era - from antiquity to the present. The practical significance of the work carried out by the author of the article is seen in the fact that a methodological basis is created for a stricter demarcation between the concepts of “science” and “proto- (pre-) science” and for qualified theoretical and moral assessments of the intellectual and creative work that was done by scientists of the ancient and medieval East.

As a methodological tool of sorts in the memorial paper makes use of reconstruction of professor Pivovarov’s talks, which often displayed genuine, persevering and always critical interest in non-classical logic. The questions at hand are the question of scientific status and philosophical consistency of deuniverslization of classical logic. The various types of logical systems, whose co-existence was brought about during the XX century, has become an actual phenomenon, insistently calling for a broader philosophical, scientific, and even cultural reflection on the nature of contemporary logic as a body of knowledge.

Among the questions three touch upon the problem of the status of non-classical logic, considered as the part of humanities: Should non-classical logic be taken as a response to mathematical logic’s absolute «inhumanity»? Mathematization of logic is related to another crisis of the foundations of mathematics – could one imply the crisis of ultimate methodological principles of social studies and humanities to be the reason for deuniversalization of classical logic? Does non-classical logic fit the natural reasonings? Three other questions address the philosophy of logic: Does contemporary logic – whether classical or not – build upon mathematics still belong to philosophy? Is there distinctive philosophy of non-classical logic yet? Could non-classical logic still serve as the normative discipline, as the «canon of thinking»?

The very character of the questions doesn’t lead to any closed, definitive answers. Be that as it may and, having the current scientific studies philosophically reflecting on the logical pluralism backing us up, we aim here at a coherent and a consistent examination of philosophical aspects and problems of non-classical logic. The examination resulted in formulating several key results: non-classical logic’s development effectively was a response to semantic and metatheoretical problems of mathematical logic, that was coming to be, but a kind of «humanistic» aspect is the fundamental non-elimination of the subject in the semantics of the corresponding intensional logics; the actuel stance is supported that various types of reasoning do not correspond to the subject of logic, but can be (and traditionally are) objects of application of various logics as intellectual tools; extrological stimulations and especially intrological resources of logical investigations affect significantly the current understanding of philosophical nature of logic; the question of alterations of ontological and epistemological premises, which underlie the various logical systems – an essential one for the philosophy of logic – is reformulated as in effect being the question of correctness and efficiency of some particular tools in the logical arsenal; logical analysis in general is to be methodologically receptive to different contexts, their specifics in order to avoid destructive conflicts, threatening to eliminate the uniqueness of said contexts.

The author voices a hope, that the critical assessment of the results presented as to their being valuable and sound will make the work a proper incentive for perspective and productive discussion of diversity of logic.

The relevance of this research is determined by the demand of the analysis of the multiplicity of subjects as sources and carriers of activity in intellectual activity for various purposes (for example, in culture, art, information production, mass communications, etc.). On the other hand, the problems of inter-confessional conflicts and the promotion of spiritual values by various confessions are acute. Also, various issues related to the revival of religiosity are important for Russian atheists, Muslims, Orthodox and other confessions.

The aim of the work is to study complex issues of poly-subjectivity in intellectual activity in modern processes of preservation and development of spiritual property.

Scientific induction, N. Luhmann’s social differentiation and the concept of poly-subject sociality of the Ural Philosophical School are used as methodological bases.

The main results of the study include a shift in the priorities of socio-philosophical research of intellectual activity in the relations of spiritual property from the predominant analysis of dialogues to the analysis of poli-logues, from paired forms of cooperation to simultaneous and multiple cooperation of many subjects with socio-cultural communities and systems of spiritual property.

The scientific novelty includes estimates of the local elimination of contradiction of «individual» and «social» in large poly-subject networks of intellectual activity (for example, in the national project for the development of the digital economy). Indeed, the overall possible intensity of intellectual activity of interconnected mono-subjects in the limit transition grows proportionally to the second degree of their number (i.e. a poly-subject network becomes a societal network).

The directions of further research are determined by the prospects and problems of analyzing the impending breakthrough in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and the problems of subjectivity of both these developments and the results of AI activities.

Further refinement and development of the poly-subject chronotopic concept of analyzing subjectivity in intellectual activity in relations of spiritual property is recommended for diachronic and synchronous study of their role in social space and social time.