Human papillomavirus in vulvar cancer: a systematic review

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Abstract

Introduction. Being considered as one of the most difficult to cure, vulvar malignant neoplasms belong to rare oncopathologies of the female reproductive system. It is established that vulvar squamous cell cancer develops via two pathways. In the first scenario, the tumor may develop during vulvar dystrophic diseases such as scleroatrophic lichen and differentiated intraepithelial neoplasia. Another opportunity is directly related to HPV infection. Highly oncogenic HPV types are known to be associated with cervical carcinogenesis and are involved in developing vulvar, vaginal, and anal intraepithelial neoplasia, which are considered precursors to carcinomas. In recent decades, a rise in incidence of vulvar cancer developed after preceding degenerative processes was noted. A relationship between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer has long been known and confirmed, so an issue regarding a potential relation between the etiology of vulvar cancer and of HPV remains relevant. The aim of the paper is to systematize and analyze the study data on vulvar carcinogenesis related to HPV infection.

Materials and methods. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. A literature review was conducted by analyzing studies published between 1993 and 2024. The review included papers in which HPV was found in more than one case of vulvar tumor and if HPV DNA was detected by using polymerase chain reaction. Initially 249 articles were selected, 25 papers were included in the qualitative analysis, from which 6 case-control studies that fully met the specified inclusion criteria were further analyzed. Overall HPV prevalence was calculated as the percentage of all HPV tested cases.

Results. A high prevalence of papillomavirus infection in vulvar tumors was shown (31%), with HPV type 16 occurring in the vast majority of cases. The prevalence of HPV in vulvar tumors in case-control studies was 30% (OR = 10.46).

Conclusion. The results of the current systematic review confirmed that HPV infection is a key risk factor for developing vulvar malignancies. We demonstrated a high prevalence of HPV infection in vulvar tumors. In addition, a high incidence of highly oncogenic HPV types in tumor tissue was shown.

About the authors

D. S. Dolgasheva

Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: imk1805@yandex.ru

Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology

Russian Federation, Tomsk

M. K. Ibragimova

Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: imk1805@yandex.ru

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology

Russian Federation, Tomsk

E. A. Kravtsova

Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: imk1805@yandex.ru

Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology

Russian Federation, Tomsk

I. A. Tsydenova

Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: imk1805@yandex.ru

Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology

Russian Federation, Tomsk

K. A. Gaptulbarova

Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: imk1805@yandex.ru

Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology

Russian Federation, Tomsk

M. M. Tsyganov

Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: imk1805@yandex.ru

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology

Russian Federation, Tomsk

N. V. Litviakov

Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: imk1805@yandex.ru

DSc (Biology), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology

Russian Federation, Tomsk

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».