卷 33, 编号 3 (2025)

The paper provides an analysis of the floral composition and structure of living ground cover in Moscow pine stands using the example of two sites - the Losiny Ostrov National Park and the Timiryazev Russian State Agricultural Academy Experimental Forest Station. The relevance of the work is due to the increasing anthropogenic impact on urban forests, manifested in changes in the species diversity and structure of the crop. Field studies were conducted on 20 test areas using methods of geobotanical descriptions, Ellenberg scales, the Shannon index and the Jaccard coefficient. It was found that the total projective coverage of the housing and communal services in Losiny Ostrov averages 76%, in the Forest Experimental Station - 51%. The types of the non-moral group prevail. A low similarity of the floral composition between the study objects (Kj = 25.4%) and a relatively low species diversity (Shannon index <1) was revealed, which is due to the varying degree of recreational activity. There are 4 adventitious (including invasive) species that have an impact on ecosystem stability. The results obtained can be used to monitor the state of urban forests and assess their recreational sustainability.

To clarify the role of environmental factors in the spread of the semi-parasite Viscum album L. in the habitats of the Bryansk region, long-term studies were carried out on the ecological-biological and ecological-chemical characteristics of woody phorophytes and mistletoe biomass. Mistletoe is an adventitious species with an expanding range, so the organization of biomonitoring work is an important condition for continuous biological control over the characteristics of the distribution of populations in favorable habitats of the Non-Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation. Using the route method, visual and metric techniques, laboratory and chemical instrumental surveys, more than 150 samples of plant biomass were processed, the locations of Viscum album were identified at 218 points. For the habitats of the urban and rural settlements, the leading environmental factors determining the spread of mistletoe were taken into account: acidity and density of the bark of substrate trees, which directly determine the rate of seed germination, prevent the formation of bark cracks. The trees most affected by mistletoe are soft-leaved trees with soft and almost neutral acidity bark: Betula pendula Roth, Sorbus aucuparia L., Populus tremula L., Prunus domestica L. Biochemical characteristics of mistletoe in terms of ascorbic acid and heavy metal content are recommended for ecological and geochemical mapping of territories and can indirectly characterize the state of phorophytes.

Hydrolysis lignin is a large-scale industrial waste that has no useful application. It is disposed in special landfills, causing alienation of valuable lands and having a negative impact on the environment. The aim of the work was to evaluate the possibility of using hydrolysis lignin formed as a result of the activities of the Ivdelsky timber processing plant for biological reclamation of disturbed lands. The object of the study is hydrolysis lignin from a lignin storage facility located in the city of Ivdel, the Sverdlovsk region. The study of the composition of the runoff accumulated in the lignin deposit showed that the content of lignin in it is 58.97 wt. %, also a significant part is the mineral fraction, represented mainly by oxides of silicon, aluminum and calcium. The total content of heavy metals does not exceed 0.15 wt. %. The experiments have shown that the toxic effect of the aqueous extract on the test culture (red clover Trifolium pratense L.) is absent, respectively, the waste is not dangerous to the environment. The substrates used for biological reclamation should not have a toxic effect on the crops grown. In this regard, a phytotoxicity assessment was carried out by growing test object (oats Avena sativa L. and red clover Trifolium pratense L.) on a substrate from the waste. The results of the experiment showed a lower percentage of germination and growth of plant biomass compared to the control, but the test objects developed normally, there were no damages on the leaves and shoots. Thus, the studies have shown the possibility of using the hydrolysis lignin as a substrate for biological reclamation without preliminary treatment.

Preserving the quality of the environment is one of humanity’s priority tasks. Man-made activities have led to the accumulation of an enormous amount of industrial waste, which nature is unable to use, causing irreparable harm. This study considers the problem of formation and accumulation of galvanic slags and proposes ways to recycle them: production of anticorrosive and road pavements, as well as magnetic fluid for purification of waste water from petroleum products. As a result of implementing the specified technologies, the negative impact of the waste is reduced and its valuable components are reused.

The study examines changes in the hydrographic characteristics of the city of Uglich from 1985 to 2024. Analysis of satellite imagery using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) revealed a reduction in the area of water bodies, including the coastal zones of the Volga River. It was found that the key factors driving these changes are anthropogenic impacts such as urbanization, coastal zone landscaping, and pollution, as well as natural processes such as shoreline erosion and alterations in hydrological cycles. Measures to establish buffer zones are proposed to minimize the negative impact of urban infrastructure on hydrography. The findings emphasize the need to implement sustainable environmental solutions to preserve and restore water bodies in small towns.

The voluntary market of carbon units is the subject of increased attention from Russian business, as a financial tool to attract investments in the creation and implementation of own low-carbon solutions, that ensure in turn the technological independence and environmental safety of our country. The opportunities are not confined to the domestic market: the first domestic companies have already submitted their climate projects for registration in the registry of carbon units of the Global Carbon Council (GCC). Participation in the GCC programme is expected to enable them to license and trade carbon units on the international market. In June 2024, a protocol of intent was signed between the Federal Service for Accreditation of the Russian Federation (RusAccreditation) and the GCC on the sidelines of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum in the accreditation sector and conformity assessment in the field of validation and verification of greenhouse gas emissions. The article has examined the mechanisms of functioning of the institution of verifiers in the structure of the GCC program. The prospects for the Russian verifiers to obtain approval in the international carbon trading program the GCC have been identified, including the opportunity to participate in professional discussions held within the organization and the decision-making process on the release of carbon units based on the results of the implementation of climate projects.