毒蝇伞毒理学相关特性和中毒时的化学毒理学分析: 科学综述
- 作者: Zelenshchikova V.A.1, Belova M.V.2, Melnik E.V.1
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隶属关系:
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine
- 期: 卷 11, 编号 1 (2025)
- 页面: 63-75
- 栏目: 科学评论
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/2411-8729/article/view/287951
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/fm16219
- ID: 287951
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Amanita菌(毒蝇伞)中毒,尤其是红色鹅膏菌(A.muscaria)和豹斑鹅膏(A.pantherina)中毒数量逐年增加。这些物种含有影响中枢神经系统活动的物质,特别是蝇蕈醇、鹅膏蕈氨酸和蝇蕈素。鹅膏蕈氨酸和蝇蕈醇是异恶唑的水溶性衍生物。它们对中枢神经系统具有拮抗作用,通过选择性绑定N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸的谷氨酸受体和γ受体(分别是氨基丁酸)刺激和抑制中枢神经系统。异恶唑和其他真菌化合物的联合作用导致毒蕈碱样症状或豹斑毒鹅膏菌中毒症状。蝇蕈醇在毒理学上最重要,因为它能够产生强烈影响,使精神错乱,并导致抑制意识直至昏迷。鹅膏蕈氨酸在确定毒蝇伞的摄入方面同样重要,但在很多情况下,它在体内几乎完全转化为蝇蕈醇。当前阶段,正在积极开发诊断毒蝇伞中毒的方法:定性和定量测定生物体液(血浆和尿液)中的鹅膏蕈氨酸衍生物。
本综述中介绍了红色鹅膏菌和豹斑鹅膏菌的形态特征、化学成分和毒理学重要化合物的作用机制、定性和定量分析的方案,以及中毒的临床情况。
确定中毒病因的方法有多种—聚合酶链反应、微观和宏观检查,但它们无法确定与中毒严重程度相关的毒物的确切数量。需要多级样品制备的精确物理化学方法,如色谱和电泳,适用于这些目的。通过单级或多级液-液或固相萃取,从生物液体或果实体中分离。通用且最常见的萃取剂是75%的甲醇。对于定性分析,可以使用不同溶剂系统的薄层色谱法。但是,因为所使用的探测器是通用型的,而这种分析属于非特异性的,只可以在研究的初步阶段使用。定量测定采用气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法。这是非常精确的,但需要样品制备的方法。替代色谱法的方法是电泳法,这是一种分离蝇蕈醇和鹅膏蕈氨酸的快速方法。
作者简介
Varvara A. Zelenshchikova
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: barbarazelen02@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9152-6379
SPIN 代码: 7929-8875
Researcher ID: LOS-7472-2024
俄罗斯联邦, 27 Baryshikha st, Moscow,125368
Maria V. Belova
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine
Email: belova_m_v@staff.sechenov.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0861-5945
SPIN 代码: 6197-3906
Scopus 作者 ID: 23471675800
Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor
俄罗斯联邦, 27 Baryshikha st, Moscow,125368; MoscowElizaveta V. Melnik
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Email: melnik_e_v_2@staff.sechenov.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9727-9452
SPIN 代码: 5523-1359
Scopus 作者 ID: 57201116008
Cand. Sci. (Pharmacy)
俄罗斯联邦, 27 Baryshikha st, Moscow,125368参考
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