No 4 (2025)
Articles
Extradition: Issues of the Categorical Apparatus
Abstract
The issue of extradition of criminals remains one of the most complex in international crime-fighting practices, as it touches upon questions of state sovereignty. The peculiarities of the extradition procedure create many difficulties and take a considerable amount of time, due to the intertwining interests of several states and their various agencies. Debates in the theory of criminal law continue on almost all legal aspects of the institution of extradition, starting from the definition of its legal nature and legal sources to questions regarding the advisability of preparing a unified national legal act dedicated to this issue. The resolution of these questions seems complicated by the fact that doctrine has yet to establish a clear position on which branch of law – international, international criminal, international criminal procedural, criminal, or criminal procedural – extradition belongs to. All this leads to a certain isolation of research. In preparing this study, the author employed methods such as formal-legal, historical, comparative, as well as methods of analysis, induction, and deduction. The terms used in extradition practice serve as a name for a strictly defined concept of mutual legal assistance provided by states in the fight against crime. In this regard, there are neither factual nor legal grounds to consider the terms "extradition," "surrender of criminals," and "transfer of criminals" synonymous, as each reflects a specific socio-legal phenomenon regulated by the norms of international and national law. Secondly, extradition, surrender, and transfer of criminals to the requesting state differ both in the scope of the concept they reflect and in their relationship to one another. The first is general, while the other two represent a singular concept; in extradition practice, the latter reflect one of the methods of implementing extradition. Characterizing extradition as the removal of a foreign citizen from the territory of the Russian Federation does not correspond to its legal nature. Thirdly, recognizing extradition as an institution of criminal procedural law characterizes not a terminological, but an essential error that distorts its legal nature.
Police activities. 2025;(4):1-11
1-11
The interaction of the investigator and the body of inquiry in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: the state and prospects of development
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the institution of interaction between the investigator and the body of inquiry in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the analysis of its current state and prospects for improvement. The purpose of the work is to identify problematic aspects of this interaction and develop proposals for its optimization. The results of the work demonstrate the existence of gaps and contradictions in the legislative regulation of the interaction of the investigator and the body of inquiry, reducing the effectiveness of the investigation. The article suggests specific measures to improve the regulatory framework and optimize interaction aimed at improving the quality of crime detection and investigation. The practical significance of the research results lies in their potential relevance to law enforcement agencies, legislative government structures, as well as in the educational process of higher legal education institutions, including the higher education system of specialized universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The research uses methods of dogmatic and comparative legal analysis, as well as analysis of law enforcement practice. The scientific novelty of the presented work is to substantiate the need for a comprehensive and timely modernization of the legal regulation of the interaction of the investigator and the body of inquiry in the framework of criminal proceedings. In conclusion, the article makes a reasonable conclusion about the need for timely and systematic modernization of the legal regulation of interaction between the investigator and the body of inquiry as a key factor in improving the effectiveness of law enforcement activities and achieving the goals of criminal proceedings.
Police activities. 2025;(4):12-24
12-24
Specialized knowledge in the investigation of crimes related to human trafficking: the Russian model and recommendations for Vietnam
Abstract
The subject of this scientific study is a comprehensive and in-depth examination of the current features of applying specialized knowledge and various expert methods in the course of professional and thorough investigations of crimes related to human trafficking committed within the territory of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – the RF). Particular attention is paid to the detailed analysis of the regulatory framework, existing organizational structures, and mechanisms for effective interaction between investigative bodies and specialized expert institutions. The methodological basis of the study is defined as a comprehensive approach combining comparative legal analysis, interpretation of statistical data, examination of legal acts, and analysis of expert and investigative practices. The result of the work is a systematic review of the Russian model for applying specialized knowledge, including the institution of forensic expertise, cooperation between investigative bodies and expert organizations, modern technological tools, and specialized personnel training. Special focus is placed on the institutionalization of forensic psychological examinations, digital forensics for analyzing online recruitment, and financial expertise for tracking money laundering channels. A comparative analysis was conducted with the Vietnamese system, revealing gaps in legal regulation, weak expert infrastructure, and fragmented interagency cooperation. The findings may be used for reforming Vietnam’s expert system, drafting by-laws, creating coordination bodies and digital databases, training investigators and experts, and enhancing international cooperation against transnational human trafficking. The novelty of the study lies in the systematic comparison of Russian and Vietnamese practices in applying specialized knowledge, and in the proposal of specific institutional and regulatory solutions for adapting advanced international experience. In conclusion, the study confirms the high applicability of the Russian experience in Vietnam, provided that it is adjusted to national specificities, emphasizing the importance of an integrated, interdisciplinary, and technology-based approach to investigating human trafficking crimes.
Police activities. 2025;(4):25-48
25-48
On certain aspects of improving the work of the investigator in a criminal case that has been suspended due to the search for a suspect or an accused person
Abstract
The present article addresses the issue of the necessity to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the activities of investigators in searching for suspects and accused individuals who have evaded criminal investigation authorities. The subject of this research is the problem of enhancing the effectiveness of the activities of investigators in searching for suspects and accused individuals who have concealed themselves from criminal investigation authorities. The aim of the article is to analyze existing legislation, law enforcement practices, and problematic aspects related to the search for individuals who have absconded from inquiry and investigation authorities, as well as to propose possible solutions to these issues. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increase in the number of absconding individuals and the decrease in the effectiveness of identifying them, which negatively affects the efficiency of criminal proceedings. As a statement of the problem, the authors particularly emphasize that achieving the objectives of criminal proceedings, proving a criminal case, observing procedural timelines, and applying measures of criminal procedural coercion is completely impossible in the absence of a person subject to criminal liability. The basis of the research consists of methods for analyzing statistical data from the Federal State Institution "GAIC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia," comparative analysis of legislation, as well as logical and forecasting methods. The scientific novelty of the article lies in establishing a correlation between the increase in untraced absconders and unidentified corpses and developing a mechanism for their identification based on mandatory collection and comparison of genomic data (from relatives and from burials by prosecutor's decision), which requires changes in legislation (Federal Law No. 242-FZ, Article 9 Part 3) as well as in developing a methodological approach to planning work on suspended cases to effectively tackle tasks related to searching for absconding individuals and identifying unidentified corpses. In conclusion, a well-founded conclusion is drawn about the necessity to improve the legal framework and practical measures for identifying and establishing the identities of individuals who have evaded investigation. The author of the article proposes measures to expand the powers of prosecutors in the sphere of collecting genomic information and organizing identification activities based on prosecutors' decisions and data from relatives. The results of the work can be used in the activities of law enforcement agencies, legislative initiatives, and scientific research aimed at increasing the efficiency of searching for and identifying individuals who have absconded from investigation.
Police activities. 2025;(4):49-66
49-66
Features of the formation of the professional identity of employees of internal affairs bodies at the stages of primary and secondary professionalization
Abstract
The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the formation of the professional identity of employees of internal affairs bodies at the stages of primary and secondary professionalization, which are both conditions and the result of professional socialization of employees. The study of the basics of forming the professional identity of a law enforcement officer leads to an increase in the effectiveness of the activities of internal affairs bodies, both in the selection of candidates for service, and in the vertical movement of employees up the official ladder, delegating new powers to them related to solving increasingly complex and responsible tasks. The methodological basis consists of general scientific methods (formalization, synthesis, generalization of theoretical information on research problems) and theoretical methods of social sciences (structural, functional and hermeneutic methods). Empirical data were obtained using the method of sociological questioning, which made it possible to trace the peculiarities of the formation of the professional identity of employees of internal affairs bodies at the stages of primary and secondary professionalization. The study conducted by the authors allowed to identify the main determinants associated with the formation of the professional identity of employees of internal affairs bodies at the stages of primary and secondary professionalization. For the first time, a comprehensive approach to the study of professional identity is proposed, showing this phenomenon not in statics (as an "I-image"), but in dynamics reflecting three dimensions of professional identity: its projection into the past, projection into the present and projection into the future. Conducting a comparative analysis of the formation of professional identity at the stages of primary and secondary professionalization allowed to see the processes of reincarnation of these projections, for example, the correspondence of the projection into the future of a law enforcement officer at the stage of primary professionalization and projection into the present at the stage of secondary professionalization.
Police activities. 2025;(4):67-80
67-80
On the issue of shaping the image of law enforcement officers (based on the example of the Federal State Institution IK-3 of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for the Vladimir Region)
Abstract
The image of law enforcement officers represents an important aspect that affects not only the reputation of the executive power of the Russian Federation but also the public perception of law and order in the country. In the context of modern realities, where society becomes increasingly demanding regarding the professionalism and ethical standards of public servants, the question of forming and maintaining a positive image of officers takes on particular significance. The importance of this topic is due to the fact that the image of law enforcement officials is directly related to citizens' trust in law enforcement agencies. The formation of an officer's image in Russia has its own characteristics influenced by both historical and cultural factors. On one hand, negative stereotypes associated with law enforcement workers continue to exist and affect public opinion. On the other hand, there is a need for officers to be perceived as professionals capable of effectively solving the tasks at hand and ensuring compliance with the law. This work examines a number of factors influencing the formation of the image of officers (using the example of the Federal Penitentiary Service), as well as offers recommendations for its improvement. The subject of the study is the factors and various aspects of the image of the Federal Penitentiary Service officer. The subject of the study is the methods and techniques for forming a positive image of the Federal Penitentiary Service officer. During the writing of the article, the authors employed methods such as analyzing information obtained from various sources regarding the institute of forming a positive image of law enforcement officers and conducting surveys. The conducted research aims to analyze the situation in law enforcement agencies as a whole and in the Federal Penitentiary Service in particular. The prospects for developing the image-forming system in Russia can be realized through the implementation of a comprehensive approach that includes both internal and external aspects. Internal measures should focus on improving the professional training of officers, developing their personal qualities such as empathy and humanism, as well as introducing modern technologies that facilitate more open and transparent interaction with society. External measures may include actively informing the public about positive examples of officers' work, as well as engaging with the media to form an objective image of law enforcement agencies.
Police activities. 2025;(4):81-95
81-95
Development of readiness for pedagogical activity of teachers of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Abstract
Currently, the formation and improvement of professional competencies of modern educators is highly relevant. This is due to the transformation of higher education, where the educator, as a carrier of culture, is a significant subject of interaction, directly participating in shaping the personal and professional experiences of students. In these conditions, the professional activities of educators in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia become especially responsible, as they carry out the process of training and educating future employees of the internal affairs agencies of the Russian Federation, who will subsequently participate in maintaining the stability of our state. The model for the formation of professional pedagogical competence is aimed at the professional and pedagogical development of the teaching staff, including their mastery of key professional competencies, modern educational technologies, and teaching and upbringing methodologies. Research methods include theoretical analysis and systematization of empirical data obtained through diagnosing the readiness and leading professional pedagogical competencies of educators in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The author’s methodology "Professional Competencies of Higher Education Instructors" (S.A. Pavlova, N.A. Semenova) was utilized. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that a model for the formation of pedagogical competence is proposed for the first time, which is based on comprehensive, competence-oriented approaches and is continuous. The core of the model is the readiness for professional pedagogical activity, upon which leading professional competencies (self-organizational, informational, interactive, multicultural) are formed at various levels (basic, advanced, specialized). Readiness is presented as a subjective characteristic of a professional and an integrative education, serving as a foundation for forming professional competencies and encompassing motivational-value, regulatory, and operational components, which enable individuals to cope with professional activities successfully by mobilizing psychological resources and realizing the significance of their work. Readiness acts as a system-forming factor for professional competencies. These provisions served as the basis for implementing a comprehensive approach in developing the content of professional retraining programs, advanced training, the School of Pedagogical Mastery program, and individual programs for professional pedagogical development of educators in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The model is implemented at the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and positively affects the level of professional pedagogical competence, including that of novice educators.
Police activities. 2025;(4):96-109
96-109
Independence and responsibility as a condition for professional and personal development of a specialty
Abstract
The article presents the results of a study in which the authors examine in detail such aspects as the conditions for the effectiveness of professional and personal development of specialists, to which they attributed the relationship and interdependence of the two basic concepts of "independence" and "responsibility", their place in organizing the educational process and the awareness of these categories by the students themselves for their own development. The central problem in this study is the professional and personal development of future specialists, formed on the basis of a system of socially and professionally oriented knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the professional qualities and abilities necessary for a specialist. The subject of the study is the basic concepts of "independence" and "responsibility". The object of the study is the potential of "independence" and "responsibility" in the process of educational activity, as well as their impact on the level of professional preparedness of a specialist. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the relationship between the two main concepts of "independence" and "responsibility" in the educational process and the students' awareness of their role in learning, in preparation for professional activity. As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that the process of professional and personal development of specialists is largely determined by the level of responsibility of cadets and their independence, as well as the impact in the form of a special content of value qualities that affect the content of responsibility. In conclusion, it is stated that in the context of increasing the effectiveness of professional training of specialists, it is necessary to revise existing pedagogical technologies, expand the practical focus of the learning process and increase the level of independence of students.
Police activities. 2025;(4):110-123
110-123