No 6 (2024)

The paper provides statistical (historical and geographical) information about the typical northern trading town of Solvychegodsk, founded on the site of old salt mines. The information relates to the life of the town in the XIX century. The following quantitative parameters are considered: population, industries, buildings, etc. Statistical data is provided based on the use of Geographical Lexicons and Dictionaries: Polunin, Maksimovich, Shchekatov, Semenov and statistical descriptions of Russian towns.

The paper deals with the correlation between the proportion of merchants in the total urban population of the Vologda province in the second third of the XIX century and the degree of representation of the merchant class in local self-government after the approval of the Town Regulations in 1870 and then in 1892. Based on materials published in the “Vologda Provincial Gazette” in the 1870s–1890s, the share of the merchant class in the number of electors in the towns of the Vologda province and the share of the merchant class in the number of elected members of the municipal Dumas were calculated and summarized in tabular and graphical form. The results of the analysis not only confirmed the widespread participation of merchants both in electoral processes as voters and in local self-government bodies – municipal Dumas, but also revealed certain patterns. Thus, the more developed the town was in terms of trade and industry, the more representative was the share of merchants among the members of the Duma, even despite the modest share of the merchant class in the total population of the town. And, conversely, in towns where trade and industry were rather of local importance, the share of merchants among members of the municipal Dumas was only slightly higher than their share in the total population of the town. The changing role of the town in the economic life of the province was also reflected in the degree of representation of the merchant class in the municipal Duma.

The paper deals with the study of the pre-revolutionary experience of mutual insurance against fires of real estate of the Russian Orthodox Church. Based on financial and office documents of the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd of the Vologda province, the process of practical implementation of insurance of buildings of the ecclesiastical department on the principles of reciprocity is recreated.

The regulatory framework for mutual insurance was based on the legislative act of 1904, but the insurance assessment of buildings was carried out only in 1910. Information is provided on the structure of insurance documents, cases of fires and payments for damage “from fire” from sources deposited in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive. By January 1, 1911, diocesan buildings in the Russian Empire were insured for over 800 million rubles, in the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd – for over 859 thousand rubles. Information on the number of insured buildings and their insurance assessment, the amount of annual premiums and compensations for insurance cases in the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd is systematized. The analyzed materials made it possible to correlate insurance premiums and insurance business costs, to access both the negative aspects and the benefits of mutual insurance for policyholders.

The author comes to the conclusion that the practices of mutual real estate insurance, organized by the Holy Synod, demonstrate valuable experience in finding solutions to eliminate material damage “from fire”, when fire losses were compensated through small contributions. Insurance on the principles of rerciprocity was most important for regional parishes, that did not have large incomes and were often unable to independantly restore destroyed buildings. Due to compensations, it was possible to repair and restore many buildings of the ecclesiastical department. Despite bureaucratic, travel, and clerical expenses for insurance business, the remaining funds allowed to form a “reserve capital”, that performed the function of a reserve fund.

The paper deals with the language policy of Poland as an element of national policy. The international treaties on the protection of national minorities, the Constitution of Poland of 1921 and the laws adopted on July 31, 1924 “On the State language and working language in State institutions and self-government institutions”, “On language and organization of school work for national minorities”, “On language in courts, prosecutor’s office and notary institutions” are considered.

In the Second Polish Republic, one third of the population consisted of national minorities, for whose rights the Polish Sejm adopted these laws. The laws provided for the limited use of the languages of national minorities – Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. In certain cases, Polish civil servants were required to use the languages of national minorities in their activities. Due to their inconsistency and half-heartedness, the laws were not actually implemented and caused discontent both among representatives of national organizations and among the majority of Polish political circles. Among historians and in journalism, the laws “On Language...” also caused a discussion. Most researchers believe that the Polish language legislation did not aim to actually improve the situation of national minorities, but only to imitate their protection in order to form a positive image of a “democratic” Poland in the international arena.

The paper for the first time considers the reflection of collectivization processes on the territory of the Novocherkassk region in 1930 in the local newspaper “Banner of the Commune”. Among the main subjects are the problems of increasing the pace of collectivization, the unbundling and consolidation of collective farms, the fight against the class enemy, the elimination of the Kulaks as a class, the role of the “red wagons” in collecting taxes in rural areas, and the economic education of rural residents. At the same time, the study reveals the agitation and propaganda capabilities of regional periodicals to mobilize the local population to implement the decisions of the party and government.

In the presented paper, based on the materials of regional statistical collections and annual reports of secondary specialized educational institutions, the process of development of the evening form of education in this system in the territory of the European North of Russia is traced. The chronological framework of the study is justified by the educational reform carried out in the USSR at that time, one of the significant aspects of which was the development of the form of education under consideration. It was revealed that by the end of the 1960s, in the system of secondary specialized education in the European North of the RSFSR, the list of technical shools and colleges in which evening departments functioned, noticeably expanded, and the number of students in these departments increased significantly. Thanks to the development of the evening form of education, technical schools and colleges managed to significantly increase the training of mid-level specialists.

The paper deals with the main conceptual approaches to the presentation of the events of the February and October stages of the 1917 Revolution in the school textbooks of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Considerable attention is paid to the national component of the 1917 Revolution – the formation of the First Republic (Azerbaijan Democratic Republic) and the Second Republic (Azerbaijan SSR). The content of textbooks on academic subjects “History of Azerbaijan” for grades 5, 9, 11 and “General History” for grades 9, 11 published in 2018 - 2023 was analyzed.

During the XX-XXI centuries, aboriginal ethnic groups turned from independent ethnic formations into constituent parts of a large multinational state, with a fundamentally different spiritual dominant, a different social structure and type of economy. The changes affected both traditional material and spiritual culture. In the process of these changes, the concepts themselves were transformed, the lines between tradition and reality began to blur, since the latter is in constant dynamics. We made an attempt to assess the role of the state in the ongoing processes, as well as to compare the situation with the indigenous minorities in neighboring China, and note general trends. The study identifies the role of the main factors that influenced global transformations in the field of spiritual and material development of the Primorye Territrory, as well as outlines a somewhat new understanding of the problem of preserving ethnic identity.

The paper deals with the analysis of the translation activity of the famous Komi scientist and poet V. I. Lytkin, aimed at publishing works of Finnish literature in the Komi language. The research materials are V. I. Lytkin’s translations of the XLI Rune of “Kalevala” and the poetry of Juhana Heikki Erkko, as well as originals of translated works in Finnish. By comparing texts in two languages, the level of complience of translations with the originals is established, discrepancies and their causes are identified.