No 1 (2025)
Articles
Coping behavior and depression of patients with affective disorders: a systematic review of the literature
Abstract
People face various psychosocial stressors on a daily basis, which are important factors in the development and maintenance of depression. However, most people who are exposed to stress do not develop depression, which is partly due to the adaptive mechanisms. In particular, these mechanisms include coping behavior. Almost 20 years have passed since the last review addressing the issue of coping and depression of patients with affective disorders, many studies have been conducted in the field of coping and depression. In this regard, there is a need to update and systematize scientific data for a deeper understanding of the features of the depressive state of patients with affective disorders. The aim of the study is to identify and summarize existing scientific data on the features of coping behavior of patients with depression within the framework of affective disorders. To achieve this goal, a systematic review of the literature was conducted. The review used two search strategies: systematic electronic database search (PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLibrary.Ru ) and manual article search. 42 articles were found: 27 publications with cross-sectional design and 15 papers with longitudinal design. It was revealed that the symptoms of depression are negatively associated with problem-oriented coping and emotionally-oriented coping aimed at involving stress in a situation. Avoidant coping is directly related to the symptoms of depression and predicts its development. Only one study has been identified where coping was considered as a risk factor for depression of healthy people. The results of two studies have shown that coping mediates the relationship between childhood abuse and depression. It was revealed that the coping profile of patients with affective disorders differs from the profile of healthy people: the predominance of avoidance strategies and the low severity of problem-oriented coping. There are not enough studies comparing different clinical groups on coping strategies. In addition, the gender specificity of coping and the relationship of coping with age characteristics are considered. It is noted that researchers use different methods of coping assessment, which makes it difficult to analyze, summarize and compare data. There are also no studies on the interaction of coping strategies and personality traits.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):1-46
1-46
Training as a technology for correcting emotional and cognitive impairments of HIV-infected patients. Evaluation of effectiveness
Abstract
The subject of the study is the emotional sphere and cognitive functions (memory, attention, thinking) of patients with HIV infection. The object of the study is the patients themselves. The author provides a detailed analysis of the cognitive impairments in this group of patients, which significantly affect treatment adherence, emotional stability, and overall quality of life. The focus is on the experience of conducting group training, the effectiveness of which is demonstrated by improvements of participants' emotional state and cognitive functions. The study emphasizes the importance of a personalized approach to assessing and correcting cognitive functions and emotional disorders, considering factors such as disease stage, comorbidities, psychoemotional state, and individual patient characteristics. Based on these findings, the author developed a training program tailored to meet the needs of this group. In the work we used an information questionnaire, Schulte tables, “10 words memorization test”, “Munsterberg test”, methods “Essential attributes”, “Exclusion of superfluous” (non-verbal version), method “Complex analogies”, “Psychopathological symptomatology severity questionnaire”, method of diagnostics of irrational attitudes A. Ellis and method “Life satisfaction index”. Psychodiagnostic examination was conducted before the training and after every eight sessions. The main conclusions of the study are the proven effectiveness of the training in improving memory (of 39% of participants), attention (of 83%), logical thinking (of 36%) and emotional state, including a significant reduction in somatization, obsessive-compulsive manifestations, depression and anxiety (of 47-63%). Questionnaire survey of participants showed high satisfaction with the training and improvement of cognitive functions and emotional state, which confirms the relevance of the approach. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between emotional tension and irrational attitudes, which is important to consider in rehabilitation programs. The training program was adapted to the peculiarities of the participants, which allowed to achieve improvements in cognitive and emotional spheres.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):47-69
47-69
Implementation of the model of positive civic identity and traditional values of students
Abstract
The article presents the developed and tested model of formation of positive civic identity and traditional values of students. The purpose of the article: to present the results of the formative experiment confirming the effectiveness of the model (increase in the indicators of positive civic identity and traditional values of students after its implementation). Research design: experiment, control diagnostics, the development and implementation of special tests on psychology of personal values. Participants: 20 students studying in the psychology department (experimental group) and 17 students studying in the special (defectological) education department (control group). Research loci: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Transbaikal State University” (Chita, Russia). Methods (tools): value questionnaire by Sh. Schwartz, identity questionnaire in 16 categories (M. S. Yanitsky and others), R. Inglehart’s method (modification of M. S. Yanitsky), method of measuring the expression of civic identity (N. M. Lebedeva, A. N. Tatarko). Mathematical processing of data was carried out using the Wilcoxon T-test. The results of the forming experiment showed that during the implementation of the model there were significant shifts in the indicators of a number of values at the individual level (conformity, traditions, benevolence, safety). The significance of the identities “I as a representative of my people”, “I as a citizen of my country” and “I as a resident of this city” increased significantly. After psychological and pedagogical influence, the number of those who recognize the values of adaptation and socialization increased. The indicators “Strength” and “Valence” (degree of positivity) of civic identity increased significantly.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):70-84
70-84
Features of anxiety and loneliness as predictors of narcotics use by adolescents (based on a survey of addicts aged 12-18)
Abstract
The study describes the characteristics of loneliness and anxiety experienced by adolescents of the older and younger age groups who use surfactants and are undergoing rehabilitation in a drug treatment center. The object of the study is the peculiarities of experiencing loneliness and anxiety, the subject was their predictive role in the formation of adolescents' addiction to surfactants in different age groups. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of loneliness and anxiety of adolescents who use surfactants. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the study of adolescents suffering from chemical dependence and who are in the process of rehabilitation. To conduct the study, we used the following methods: assessment of the subjective experience of loneliness by D. Russell, M. Ferguson (UCLA); the A.Beck anxiety scale (BAI); the scale of overt anxiety for teenagers by A.M. Parishioners. The study involved 50 adolescents (25 boys and 25 girls, 20 of them younger adolescents (10 boys and 10 girls) and 30 older adolescents (15 boys and 15 girls) who use various types of surfactants and are undergoing rehabilitation in drug treatment centers. The sample of respondents is maximally ordered by gender, age and sociodemographic criteria (full families, average income, permanent residence in Moscow and/or the Moscow region, regular use of surfactants of the same type). As a result of the study, we identified stable features in experiencing anxiety and subjective loneliness: adolescent boys of both age groups are more likely to experience loneliness as a misunderstanding from others and an average level of anxiety, while the anxiety level of adolescent girls is significantly higher and is associated with the manifestation of the scale of social desirability. At the same time, adolescents of the younger age group are prone to higher levels of anxiety, while older adolescents are prone to deeper experiences of subjective loneliness in terms of impaired social interactions.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):85-96
85-96
The impact of working conditions on the formation of motivational, meaningful, and value relations of an individual in professional activity
Abstract
The article examines the main factors of working conditions and their impact on the motivational-meaning and value relationships of individuals in professional activities. The relevance of the research lies in studying the structure of working conditions from a psychological perspective, allowing for the identification of psychological aspects and evaluating their influence on motivation, personal meanings, and value relationships of organizational employees. The object of the study is the motivational-meaning and value relationships of individuals. The subject of this research is the factors of working conditions that affect the motivational-meaning and value relationships of employees. The aim of this research is to identify the main factors of working conditions that influence the formation of favorable motivational-meaning and value relationships of employees. The research goal is to determine the psychological aspects that allow for the assessment of the impact of working conditions on the formation of motivational-meaning and value relationships of employees. The methodological basis of the study was provided by research conducted by domestic and foreign scholars revealing the understanding of various types of working conditions and their influence on the motivational-meaning and value relationships of individuals in professional activities. The study used theoretical (comparative analysis) and empirical methods (interviews, observations, surveys). The main results of the research indicate that physical, organizational, and psychological factors of working conditions are fundamental psychological aspects that influence the formation of motivational-meaning and value relationships of individuals in professional activities. The scientific novelty of the research lies not only in the in-depth analysis of the primary factors of working conditions but also in the application of an interdisciplinary approach that integrates knowledge from various fields, such as psychology, sociology, and economics, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the processes under consideration. This approach allows for the identification of relationships and patterns between factors of working conditions and motivational-meaning relationships of individuals. The practical significance of the research is that the results obtained will assist managers in implementing additional measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of the organization. To enhance the effectiveness of professional activities, recommendations are provided to organizational leaders regarding the necessity of monitoring working conditions that include physical, organizational, and psychological factors of working conditions.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):97-114
97-114
The development of higher mental functions of children born with intracytoplasmic sperm injection, compared with in vitro fertilization
Abstract
The article examines various aspects related to the developmental characteristics of children conceived with the help of assisted reproductive technologies. Particular attention is paid to the heterochronicity of maturation of morphofunctional parts of the brain of children and the evolution of higher mental functions. The subject of the study was to consider the features of cognitive development of children conceived with different assisted reproductive technologies. The aim of the research was to study the development of higher mental functions in children aged 3 to 8 years conceived with the help of two commonly used artificial insemination procedures IVF and ICSI in comparison with the control group (spontaneously conceived peers). The research method was the analysis of the anamnestic data of the child's development, collection of detailed information on the procedures performed during the planning and implementation of the artificial insemination protocol. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the obtained results of the experimental analysis, which revealed that the risk of neurocognitive deficit of children conceived using the ICSI method is lower than in their peers conceived using IVF. An important aspect of the study was also the method of embryo transfer - cryoprotocol or natural cycle. When conducting cryotransfer of an embryo, regardless of the method of artificial insemination used, the indicators of development of mental activity coincide with similar indicators of children conceived naturally. The results of the study show the links between the mental development of children and the use of various reproductive technologies (RT) for conception. An indirect link is observed between the method of reproductive technology used and the mental development of the child, which requires further longitudinal studies in this area.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):115-131
115-131
Emotional and sensory perception as the basis for the formation of a secondary image
Abstract
The article discusses relevant but insufficiently developed aspects of the role of secondary images in human activity and behavior. The subject of the study is the role of emotional and sensory perception in the process of secondary image formation. C. Jung's ideas are presented, connecting the world of images with a separate world, which is built on the basis of the experience of a particular person, and this experience becomes a reality for him. E. Toffler's use of the concept of signals perceived by various sensory systems to describe images is noted. Collectively, these signals form a mental model of an individual's reality. An invariant in the interpretations of the figurative sphere stands out: an image is the quintessence of a person's subjective picture of the world, which is conditioned by the emotionally and sensually perceived signs of reality. In the context of this study, the secondary image is interesting to the authors from a practical point of view, in the sense that it can be changed by new experiences mediated by a person's emotional and sensory perception. The approach of the Leningrad psychological school is particularly noted. Within the framework of the research, the system of secondary images is most fully understood. We are most familiar with the approach of representatives of the Leningrad psychological school, which, with a global interest in humans, has most fully developed an understanding of the system of images of a person in his psyche and personality. The Leningrad School of Psychology focused on the understanding that the mental component of a person is formed from images, and at the same time is mediated by it. Their emotional and sensory component is emphasized, which is interesting from a practical point of view in the sense of the possibility of change by new experience, mediated by emotional and sensory perception of a person, and adjusted (in the process of psychological correction and psychotherapy) in accordance with his new attitude to reality.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):132-145
132-145
Professional worldview of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation: concept, essence and structure
Abstract
The formation of the cadets' professional worldview is a key factor determining their future effectiveness and ability to perform assigned tasks. A professional worldview is a fundamental foundation with a deep understanding of the role and importance of further service, which underlines the relevance of the research topic. The article is devoted to the analysis of the professional worldview of cadets of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). It examines the main conceptual approaches to understanding the essence and structure of the professional worldview, as well as identifies the key components that shape it among future employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the influence of the educational environment, social and cultural environment on the formation of professional attitudes of cadets. The subject of this research is the concept, essence and structure of the cadets' worldview, as well as the factors influencing its formation and development. The object of the research is the professional worldview of cadets of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach. The analysis of the scientific literature allowed us to study the existing theoretical views related to the professional worldview, as well as to consider their application in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The content analysis of the training programs contributed to the identification of methods for the formation of professional attitudes. The interviewing method was used to understand the processes influencing the formation of a professional worldview. The main conclusion of the conducted research is the substantiation of the relevance and importance of the formation of the professional worldview of cadets in the educational process of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The author's contribution to the research of the topic is the analysis of the concept, essence and structure of the professional worldview of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia; an attempt is made to reveal the key elements that form and develop this phenomenon, as well as the factors influencing its formation and effectiveness. The novelty of the research lies in clarifying the concept of "professional worldview of cadets of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia", presenting the author's interpretation of the structure of the professional worldview of cadets of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as in describing the recommendations and results of work aimed at forming a professional worldview. The results of the research can be useful for teachers, psychologists, and specialists involved in training personnel for law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation, as well as for further scientific research in the field of education and professional training.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):146-159
146-159
Adaptation of the Russian-language version of the questionnaire "The Recovery Experience Questionnaire" by S. Sonnentag
Abstract
This article describes the adaptation of the questionnaire "The Recovery Experience Questionnaire" by S. Sonnentag, designed to evaluate recovery experiences after hours. The methodology is based on S. Hobfall's theory of resource conservation and T. Meiman's model of effort recovery. The questionnaire includes 16 items forming four self-assessment scales: psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery and control. At the moment, the methodology has been adapted and used in research in more than 10 countries, but it is being considered for the first time in a Russian-speaking sample. The study sample consisted of 302 people (162 women and 140 men) with an average age of 32 years from various professional fields (education, psychology, IT, HR, SMM and marketing, catering, industry, etc.). The Russian version of the methodology was tested for internal consistency, external and constructive validity. The factor analysis confirmed the four-factor structure, showing a better match compared to the one-factor model. The Kronbach coefficient for each subscale exceeds 0.85, which confirms the high reliability of the questionnaire. The results indicate significant positive links between the recovery experience and indicators such as work-life balance, subjective well-being, and mindfulness. Negative correlations of the subscales of the questionnaire and the level of susceptibility to organizational stress were also found. Keeping the original questionnaire questions allows you to compare the results in different countries and professional groups. The main limitations of the study are discussed, including the small sample size, which requires future research with more diverse professional groups to further verify the reliability of REQ-R. Despite the sample size, the results obtained show sufficient statistical significance to substantiate conclusions about the reliability of measurements. The "Recovery Experience Questionnaire", adapted for the first time on a Russian-speaking sample, demonstrated ease of use and processing, as well as the necessary psychometric characteristics.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):160-171
160-171
Psychophysiological correlates of the stress reaction in the process of neurophenomenological interviewing of adolescents with chronic illnesses.
Abstract
Qualitative measurement of stress levels relying solely on subjective questionnaires poses significant challenges, especially in the case of adolescents. This is due to the often observed lack of reflection and awareness of their emotional states and experiences within this age group. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of stress levels requires a more integrated approach. The subject of the study is the neuropsychophysiological correlates of stress responses in adolescents and their coping mechanisms. This article analyzes the results of a study aimed at combining information obtained from two physiological signals: galvanic skin response (GSR) and functional fitness (FF). These data are utilized to investigate the neuropsychophysiological correlates of stress responses and the mechanisms for coping with them in adolescents. The research was conducted through a neurophenomenological interview, which allows for a deeper understanding of the internal processes occurring during stress and their impact on adolescents' mental health. Physiological indicators of GSR and FF were recorded using a biofeedback device "Reakor" during the neurophenomenological interview. All questions were categorized by themes. The study examined two periods: the period of listening to the question posed by the interviewer and the period of responding to the question. Significant differences were identified during the research related to the gender and age characteristics of the subjects. These differences pertain to the selection and application of various basic coping strategies that adolescents use to manage stress and anxiety. The processes of regulation and the application of coping strategies are more actively observed in girls. Additionally, key areas of life were identified that may significantly contribute to the development of anxiety within this age group. The combination of psychophysiological tests with psychodiagnostic methods represents an innovative approach that allows for the identification of mental processes that remain unnoticed when using standard subjective questionnaires. This multifaceted approach may aid in the development of effective support and correction programs for anxiety in adolescents, helping them cope with difficulties and improving their overall mental well-being.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):172-185
172-185
Differences in divergent thinking and cultural congruence depending on the stage of adolescence
Abstract
The study involved 108 teenagers living and studying in secondary educational institutions in Kazan, the age of the respondents was 14.73+1.24 years, among whom 42 were female and 66 were male. The first group of adolescents (according to D.B.Elkonin's classification) is younger adolescents aged 13-14 years, the second group is older adolescents aged 15-16 years. The differences between adolescents were studied using Anova analysis of variance on 13 scales such as: general cultural congruence, including in the fields of study, management, security, social interaction, as well as divergent thinking, flexibility, fluency, productivity, including semantic, non-verbal, symbolic and behavioral. List of methods: L.F. Bayanova, O.G. Minyaev's test "Determining the level of cultural congruence for adolescents"; method X. Zievert "Definition of creative abilities"; methodology of N.A. Baturin, E.L. Soldatova "Diagnostics of divergent thinking". The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that divergent thinking has been studied for the first time in the context of cultural congruence of adolescents. The theoretical analysis of the relationship between cultural congruence and divergent thinking has allowed to establish that there are various approaches regarding the compatibility and indifferent development of these traits in the personality structure. The empirical study examined the degree of cultural congruence and creativity in the context of divergent thinking in adolescents. Significant differences were found, and it was found that the characteristics of cultural congruence and creative thinking among adolescents have significant differences in general cultural congruence and its components in the field of learning, self-organization, social interaction and safe behavior, as well as in divergent thinking.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):186-198
186-198
Investigation of the influence of graphical interface elements on the reading of visual information
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of how users perceive interfaces designed for remote control of dynamic objects, such as drones and autonomous robots. The object of the study is the user interface of a remote dynamic object control system, and the subject is UX design tools for creating a graphical interface for such systems. The purpose of the work is to establish how color, location (top or left), type (textual or iconographic) and the presence of background (backing) of the controls affect the speed of finding the necessary information by the user in the interfaces of remote control of dynamic objects. The study used the technology of eye-tracking to objectively assess the differences in visual perception of selected interface parameters. Statistical multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in data processing. Thirty-eight subjects participated in the experiment. The results showed that the color, location and type of controls significantly affect the speed of information retrieval. Red buttons solved the task faster than blue buttons, as did iconographic controls compared to textual controls. At the same time, it was found that all the highlighted parameters influence each other's perception. The results obtained can be used in the design of interfaces for aircraft and robotics systems, as well as for other highly loaded control environments. The novelty of the work lies in the complex analysis of interface parameters and their influence on the cognitive load of the user. The results of the study confirm that the correct choice of color, location and type of control elements increases the speed of problem solving (finding the necessary element), which is important for creating ergonomic design of interfaces of dynamic control systems.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(1):199-214
199-214