№ 2 (2020)

Мұқаба

Бүкіл шығарылым

Общие проблемы регионального развития

THE CAUCASUS: A ROCK IN THE GRINDING WHEELS OF WORLD HISTORY

DERLUGUIAN G.

Аннотация

The maze of high mountain ridges blocking the isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas renders the Caucasus a separate historical-geographical region. Since Bronze Age, it harbored endemic human populations with their peculiar languages that resisted assimilation from both the agrarian civilizations of Near East and the waves of nomadic invasions sweeping the Eurasian Steppes. Hence William McNeill’s metaphor of a ‘rock in the grinding wheels of history’. The Caucasus, however, has participated in the succession of ancient and medieval world-systems mostly as semi-periphery sending its inhabitants to the core as mercenaries, traders, or slaves. The modern world-system transformed the Caucasus even before incorporating it. First, new American crops (esp. maize) produced demographic explosion. Next, firearms successfully imitated by local gunsmiths shifted the balance of power from mounted knights to commoners. The spread of militant Islam in its original, pre-imperial forms, paradoxically, was the ideological consequence of early modernization and its social revolution in the North Caucasus. The demise of medieval mounted aristocracy enabled by firearms in the hands of commoners recapitulated in a very different context the armed democratizations of Ancient Greece and Rome. Maize, guns, and mountaineer democracy made the incorporation of the Caucasus by imperial Russia its costliest colonial conquest in material and human terms. The consequences reach into our days through ethno-nationalist conflicts that forcefully homogenized the ethnic map of the region.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):12-49
pages 12-49 views

Археология и древняя история

BURIAL OF THE PRE-SKYTHIAN TIME WITH A BRONZE CHEST CLOTH FROM THE BURIAL GRAVE OF ZAYUKOVO-3 (preliminary publication)

KADIEVA A., DEMIDENKO S., EMKYZHEV A.

Аннотация

In 2019, burial 148 was investigated at the Zayukovo-3 burial ground (Baksan district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic), was committed in a dirt pit. The skeleton of the buried was almost completely decayed, the bones were preserved fragmentarily. The headdress items were preserved from the funerary inventory: spiral piercings, barrel shaped deads and biconical piercings. A torc and a necklace were found on the neck of the deceased, two pins were pointed under the throat with the points to wards the heard, and a bracelet was found on the left hond. The presence оf a rich necklace in combi nation with a torc embination with a torc embroidered with a pierced headgear, as well as a bracelet, indicates a buried woman. The burial dates back to the 8th – 7th centuries. The burial dress reveals significant similarities with synchronous burials from the burial grounds of Teres and Industry, which indicates cultural and possibly, ethnic kinship between the population of the pre-Scythian time of the Baksan gorge and the Kislovodsk hollow.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):50-67
pages 50-67 views

Medieval and Modern history

THE PROBLEMS OF CONCEPTUALIZING THE TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF INTER-SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS: THE FORMATION OF A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION (THE END OF 18TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY)

BOROV A., MURATOVA E., AZIKOVA Y.

Аннотация

Part of the preparatory work for writing a generalizing history of Kabardino-Balkaria is the summing up of the scientific study of its key problems. This article is intended to discuss the experience of conceptualizing the traditional system of inter-social interactions in the Central Caucasus in the social and scientific thought of Russia and the region from the late 18th to the early 20th century. During this time, the contexts and texts in which the corresponding issues were interpreted have substantially changed. In the late 18th - early 19th century, the interpretation of the system of inter-social interactions in the region was included in the general geographical paradigm of cognition of the Caucasus informed by the enlightenment world vision. In the first half of the 19th century, a kind of political-ethnographic paradigm of regional studies emerged represented by extensive literature. In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, in the context of the integration of local societies into the judicial and administrative system, economic life and the estate structure of the empire, a kind of local discursive space arose in which the discussion of the estate and land issues turned out to be closely connected with the interpretation of the nature of inter-social interactions on Central Caucasus. A direct or indirect exchange of assessments and judgments was between the academic socio-historical approach, government reformism and enlightened representatives of local elites. The material considered in the article recalls the importance of historiographical and methodological reflection for scientific and historical knowledge. The fundamental problem for the historical study of the traditional system of inter-social interactions in the Central Caucasus is the problem of combining the categorical apparatus of socio-historical and ethno-historical approaches to the problem. A significant problem is the generalization of the totality of historical data on the system of inter-social relationships in the region's space, as well as on their reproduction and evolution over time. It seems that any unambiguous formula here will carry elements of simplification and subjectivity. These issues require further careful study at the theoretical and methodological level.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):68-110
pages 68-110 views

P.L. YUDIN – ARCHIVIST AND RESEARCHER OF THE HISTORY OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS

DZAMIKHOV K.

Аннотация

The article is devoted to the less known and less studied scientific heritage of the historian of the late XIX – early XX centuries. P.L. Yudin. The significance of P.L. Yudin works consists not only in introducing into scientific circulation an array of archival documents, most of which has not been preserved to this day, but also in correct interpretations of them and creating a scientific narrative that significantly enriched the history of culture of both the Cossack community and the peoples of the North Caucasus. Specialists appraise as especially fruitful the “Vladikavkaz stage” (1910-1923) of the scientific and educational activity of the researcher. P.L. Yudin was a typical representative of Russian official imperial historiography. At the same time, his work on the history of the “Smuta” in the Caucasus, as well as on the establishment of relations between Russia and the peoples of the North Caucasus, are still of interest to modern historical science.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):111-125
pages 111-125 views

Recent history

CHARITY IN THE CONTEXT OF MATERIAL LIFE OF NORTH CAUCASIAN ÉMIGRÉS IN FRANCE IN THE 1920-1940s

BABICH I.

Аннотация

The article was prepared on the basis of archival (public and private archives of France) and field ethnographic materials collected by the author in France. The aim of this article is to study one of the aspects of the domestic sphere of life of the North Caucasian émigrés, who settled in France in the 1920s. The author examined various aspects of the material life of emigrants (job, rent flat etc.), various types of emigrant social assistance and its connection with the political views of North Caucasians. Some of North Caucasian émigrés were the rich. They became owners of oil shares (for example, Nobel), the other – very poor people. Many emigrants acquired financial prosperity during the 1930s and 1940s.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):126-142
pages 126-142 views

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF POST-SOVIET AZERBAIJAN: THE TENDENCIES, THE DYNAMIC AND THE RESULTS

KARAMOURZOV R.

Аннотация

The paper deals with the dynamics of some socio-economic indicators of Azerbaijan for more than two and a half decades. Thorough description of the indicators used for the analysis is provided. The relative dynamics of both total and per capita GDP is investigated. The conclusions on structural changes of the GDP since the collapse of the USSR are drawn. The number and the structure of Azerbaijan’s labor resources are analyzed. Some aspects of labor emigration are highlighted. An overview of the Human Development Index and its basic components is made. Data on the changes of the Sustainable Development Goals Index is provided. Certain indicators of Azerbaijan are compared to those of some other countries. The analysis revealed that by the end of the 2010s total and per capita GDP of Azerbaijan exceeded the 1990 level, respectively, 2.5 and 1.8 times. The population increased by 40%. The share of industry in GDP has grown more than 1,7 times (exclusively due to its extractive industries). The share of agriculture in GDP decreased from 26 to 5%, while the share of the services sector was at the level of 1990. By 2019, the share of persons employed in agriculture fell to 36%, the share of people employed in services increased to about 50% and the share of those employed in industry increased to 14-15%. From 1995 to 2018 the score of the Human Development Index of Azerbaijan increased by almost 25%. The positions of Azerbaijan in world SDG index ranking haven’t changed significantly.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):143-177
pages 143-177 views

KABARDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN 1992: MAIN PROBLEMS AND DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVITY

KUSHKHABIEV A.

Аннотация

The article presents an analysis of the main problems in the activities of public associations of the Kabardian National Movement in 1992. It is revealed that during 1992, public associations of the Kabardian National Movement, led by the Congress of Kabardian People, carried out active activities to realize their main aim – the restoration of the sovereign Kabardian Republic within the Russian Federation in confrontation with the authorities of Kabardino-Balkaria. The President and the Supreme Council of the KBR, who took a firm position on preservation the unity of the republic, have taken a series of measures to prevent the division of the KBR into Kabarda and Balkaria. The main factors stipulated the failure of the Kabardian National Movement project to restore the Kabardian Republic were: opposition from the authorities; deadlock with the determination of the borders of Kabarda and Balkaria by the expert commissions of the CKP and the NCBP (the commissions could not come to a compromise solution); the use by public associations of the Kabardian National Movement of a significant part of their resources in activities to support the people of Abkhazia in the fight against aggression. Public associations of the Kabardian National Movement have also been active in resolving conflict situations and maintaining interethnic peace in the republic, together with state authorities of the KBR. The leadership of the KBR in cooperation with public associations of the Kabardian and Balkarian national movements managed to prevent the escalation of criminal incidents into conflict between the Kabardian and Balkarian population of the republic.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):178-203
pages 178-203 views

Ethnology, anthropology and ethnography

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL BURIAL MOUNDS IN THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE NOGAI POPULATION OF THE STEPPE PRIKUMYE (HISTORIOGRAPHICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY)

FOMENKO V., DZHUMAGULOVA A.

Аннотация

The article is devoted to ancient and medieval burial mounds preserved in the Prikumye steppes (Eastern regions of Stavropol and Northern regions of Dagestan). The relevance of this research is that the authors consider the mounds not as archaeological monuments, but as part of the history and culture of the Nogai population of the North-Eastern Caucasus. During the study, the authors found that the surviving and lost mounds in the Lower Prikumye are quite numerous, and modern researchers, with rare exceptions, are perceived as objects of cultural heritage that should be studied by purely archaeological methods (exploration (inventory and certification) and excavations leading to  complete demolition of the mound mounds). However, the mounds are an integral part of the historical landscape of the Nogai steppes, and in particular the planar Prikumye.  Unfortunately, data on the mounds as part of the cultural heritage of the Nogai people is very fragmentary. They are preserved in historical documents (for example, on maps), and in descriptions of archaeological surveys and excavations, in toponymic codes, materials of folklore and ethnographic expeditions. The relevance of the research is also due to the fact that there are no generalizing publications on this topic. Steppe mounds continue to be destroyed as a result of construction work, plowing, treasure hunting and other factors. The authors address the issue of preservation of historical-cultural landscape in the steppes of Prikumye.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):204-231
pages 204-231 views

Literature of the peoples of the Russian Federation (literature of the peoples of the North Caucasus)

Z. NALOEV’S NOVELS: PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING A GENRE AND FORMING INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR’S STYLE

KHAVZHOKOVA L., KUANTOVA Z.

Аннотация

The article explores the novels of one of the founders of the novel genre in Adyghe (Kabardino-Circassian) literature Z.M. Naloev. For the first time, the author’s individual and authorial skill is examined his contribution to the development of national prose is determined. In general, the content and compositional features of the writer's prose are determined. The main focus is on observing genre preferences and the compliance of architectonics of Z. Naloev’s works with the canons of the novel genre. A comprehensive detailed analysis is made of a number of novels: “The Lone Crane”, “Musa and Musa’s awl”, “Murat and Guaziza”, “Wooden Doll of Khabala”, etc. Genre signs of the novel are revealed: mono-event, anecdotal core, fabulous, mystical, mythological motifs, elements of fiction, the severity of the conflict, sharp and unexpected plot twists, etc. Special attention is paid to individual authoring – the use of a philosophical summary that completes most of Z. Naloev’s novels. The research involved the method of artistic analysis, which allows to identify the features of the structurally-meaningful organization of short stories. The role and significance of individual works in the general process of the formation and evolution of national novel is determined. The results of the study can be a theoretical aid in the study of Adyghe prose, in particular, small forms of the prosaic genre, as well as find practical application in special courses, research works of teachers, graduate students and students.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):232-245
pages 232-245 views

THE CREATIVE HERITAGE OF OMAR ETHESOV IN THE HISTORY OF BALKARIAN CULTURE

SARBASHEVA А.

Аннотация

The article examines the work of one of the pioneers of professional Balkar literature Omar Etezov (1913-1964) in the historical and literary context of the 1930s-1960s and defines its role in the history of spiritual culture of the people. The literary heritage of the writer (poetry, fiction, drama, journalism) in a peculiar way refracted the main artistic ideas in the national culture of the last century, and in this sense it is of historical, cultural and scientific interest. Dramatic periods in the fate of Omar Etezov (the Great Patriotic war, deportation), like many figures of national culture, were reflected in his creative biography. Many manuscripts of the author's works were lost, and some remained unpublished during his lifetime. Among the latter are the novels "Aslan", "In the fire of war", the poem "Tower of Narts", and the drama "Glory". Based on the research of previous researchers, an attempt is made to recreate a complete picture of the creative evolution of the writer, which made it possible to determine the degree of his influence on the development of culture as a whole. In the process of understanding the creative path of Omar Etezov, bibliographic inaccuracies related to the chronology of the writer's publications (the trilogy "In the narrows"), the definition of the genre status of individual works were identified and eliminated. As a result of the research, the dynamics of Omar Etezov's literary activity is traced, and artistic, social and philosophical dominants that emphasize the creative individuality of the writer are noted. Taking into account the existing gaps in research practice, adjustments were made to the creative biography of the master of the artistic word and its worthy place in the history of Balkar culture was determined.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):246-259
pages 246-259 views

KARACHAY-BALKARIAN POETRY OF THE MODERN TIME: A RELIGIOUS ASPECT

KERIMOVA R.

Аннотация

The article analyzes some aspects of the spiritual development of the Karachay-Balkarian literature of the New Age. A correlation is established between the religious sphere and fiction in the region, the influence of Islamic ideas on the work of the young generation of poets is growing. The evolution of author’s self-awareness in the “new poetry” vividly illustrates the changes in the historical and literary context. This is evidenced by the transformation of the religious genre, the observed intergenre diffusion, which allowed to expand the scope of traditional religious themes. Particular emphasis is placed on identifying key concepts in the work of the young generation, as well as on the study of the poetics of works, images, motifs, reminiscences, intersecting with the Koranic ethics, close to the spiritual value system of the Karachai-Balkar people. As a result of the study, the most important aspects in the development of artistic consciousness of modern Karachai-Balkarian authors were revealed, the main trends were identified, the specificity of the relationship between continuity and innovation was determined.

Caucasology. 2020;(2):260-274
pages 260-274 views

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