卷 13, 编号 10 (2024)
LINGUISTICS
Discourse of Self-Presentation in Academic Communicative Space
摘要
This article examines the genre of the welcoming speech — elogioum — established within the speech practices of the French Academy as a discursive community. The empirical material selected for this study is the text of Barbara Cassin’s eulogistic speech for Philippe Bossan. A discursive-analytical approach to the research allows for the identification of the communicative structure and genre classification of the text, as well as an exploration of the conceptual strategies employed in Cassin’s public address, which is analyzed as a form of self-presentation within the context of her election to the French Academy. At the level of meanings conveyed by the speaker, intersections among various discourses are revealed, including philosophical, musical, political, philological, historical, migratory, familial, and mythological discourses, each marked by recognizable linguistic markers that indicate the interdiscursive nature of the speech. It is established that the perlocutionary effect of the elogioum manifests in the political orientation of Cassin’s discourse, which calls for changes in Europe’s language and migration policies. The research employs interpretive, conceptual methods along with elements of quantitative analysis.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):9-27
9-27
Appeal to Components of Prototypical Emotional Situations as a Translation Strategy for Expressions with Emotional Predicates
摘要
This article falls within the field of translation studies. The focus of the research is on literary texts that describe sensations, emotions, movements, behaviors, and actions of individuals. The study investigates translations from Russian into other languages as well as translations of foreign texts into Russian. Materials from the Russian National Corpus were utilized for this purpose. A substantial corpus of literary texts in English, Spanish, German, Portuguese, and French was analyzed. The findings indicate that one of the translation strategies for expressions with the specified predicates involves appealing to the components of prototypical situations of these emotions. It was revealed that one distinctive feature of expressions in English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and French—particularly in contrast to Russian expressions — is the tendency to specify the organ involved in a movement, action, or sensation. Another notable characteristic of expressions in foreign languages is the tendency to refer not to the organ itself but to a part of the organ involved in the described process; for example, using “pupil” instead of “eye.”
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):28-42
28-42
Scientific Translations of “Da-xue” in 19th Century Russia: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches of Nikita Bichurin and Dmitry Sivillov
摘要
This article presents a comparative analysis of two translations of the Confucian text “Da-xue,” undertaken by prominent Russian sinologists N. Ya. Bichurin and D. P. Sivillov in the 19th century. The aim of the study is to juxtapose the scholars’ approaches to translating and interpreting this classical Chinese philosophical text. The research material consists of manuscript translations and original Chinese canonical texts. The findings demonstrate a high level of scholarly accuracy in both translations, despite differences in methodology. Bichurin’s translation, based on a Qing dynasty educational resource, is distinguished by its rich commentary and cultural explanations. In contrast, Sivillov’s work, which relies on the original “Da-xue” text, is characterized by its conciseness and fidelity to the source. The analysis reveals divergent translation strategies employed by the scholars: Bichurin aimed for a more literal translation while preserving culturally specific elements, whereas Sivillov adapted the text for the Russian readership. Both translations significantly contributed to the development of scientific translation methodology for Chinese classics in 19th century Russia. The study underscores the value of these works for the understanding of Confucian philosophy and the history of Russian sinology. The results may find application in contemporary translation practices and in teaching the history of sinology.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):43-64
43-64
Ing-Nouns as a Type of Processual Lexicon: Addressing Issue of Recent Borrowings in Russian
摘要
This study explores the processual properties of recent borrowed nouns featuring the component -ing-, characterized in this article as a suffix with distinct structural and semantic features. The objective of the research is to delineate various semantic groups of “ingnouns” based on their contextual paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships, particularly regarding their verbal-nominal functional properties. The material for this analysis is derived from the subcorpora “Social Networks” and “Central Mass Media” of the Russian National Corpus. It is demonstrated that the processual nature of “ing-nouns” is significantly influenced by their form, with bilingualism among Russian speakers identified as a contributing factor to the development of processuality. The processual interpretation of “ing-nouns” is evidenced by the interpretations of their lexical meanings, which reflect the linguistic reflections of speakers, as well as the introduction of the term “process” into the text. Among the verbal syntagmatic connections of “ingnouns,” the governance of the genitive case form with either object or subject meanings is noted, alongside the explication of action manner semantics through association with instrumental case forms or lexemes such as method and mechanism. The active nature of metonymic semantic derivation based on the processual meanings of “ing-nouns” is confirmed.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):65-83
65-83
Landscape Sketches in Memoir Prose of 20th Century Russian Monasticism
摘要
This study explores the role of landscape sketches in the memoir prose of 20th-century Russian monasticism, focusing on the spiritual recollections of Archbishop Nikon (Rozhdestvensky). It identifies the distinctive ideological and thematic content, imagery organization, stylistic features, and intentionality behind these landscape portrayals within monastic literary works. The analysis reveals that the primary themes conveyed through these sketches center around love for God and one’s neighbors, the action of Divine Providence, and faith in God. Key motifs include nature, beauty, childhood, joy, and happiness, with significant imagery associated with churches, monasteries, and monastic lands. The study posits that the main intention of these landscape sketches is self-reflective, manifesting in two primary vectors: (1) contemplation on the relationship between nature, its states, and human emotions; (2) reflections on the Divine essence present in nature. Furthermore, it examines the rhetorical features of landscape sketches in these memoirs, highlighting the use of religious terminology (specifically Orthodox lexicon with spiritual and moral connotations), epithets, metaphors, enumerations, and names of weather phenomena and flora. The findings conclude that the significant functions of religious landscape sketches are both meaning-making and representational.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):84-106
84-106
Russian in Pedagogical Discourse of a Multilingual Society: Textbooks for Russian-Language Schools in Republic of Kazakhstan
摘要
This article presents the results of an analysis of educational texts designed for schools with Russian as the medium of instruction in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study posits the specificity of the language of instruction within a multilingual society. The hypothesis is grounded in the framework of institutional discourse theory. A methodological approach is proposed, encompassing linguistic, sociolinguistic, and language didactic parameters. The applicability of this methodology is illustrated through an examination of textbooks from the subject areas of “Mathematics and Computer Science” and “Natural Sciences.” The analysis reveals that, on one hand, these educational texts contribute to the development of students’ linguistic, communicative, and overall language competencies; the Russian as the language of instruction is utilized appropriately, fostering the growth of linguistic identity. On the other hand, the texts are rich in paralinguistic and linguistic elements that resonate with Kazakhstan’s national culture. It is noted that the Russian in these educational texts serves as a means of socialization for agents of pedagogical discourse as citizens of contemporary Kazakhstan, rather than as a gateway to Russian cultural immersion. The study concludes that this ambivalence reflects the characteristics of a multilingual society and aligns with the principles of state language policy, yet it necessitates additional efforts to fully engage with the culture of the language.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):107-124
107-124
Resignation: Expressive Semantic Evolution of a Borrowing and a Precedent Name
摘要
This article explores the narrowly used borrowing from French, résignation (with Russian graphic variants rezinyatsiya and rezignatsiya), which paradoxically combines features of exoticism, neologism, and archaism in contemporary Russian. The evolution of this lexeme, denoting a particular psychological state, is traced on Russian soil — from its introduction into the Russian in the late 18th century via German transit, spurred by the popularity of Schiller’s eponymous elegy among the progressive Russian intelligentsia, to its attainment of the status of a precedent name and its additional semantic nuances and connotations in the works of I. S. Turgenev and other domestic writers. The article analyzes possible reasons for the decline of this lexeme, which failed to enter active usage and instead receded into passive vocabulary: the lack of a uniform Cyrillic spelling variant, the absence of a productive word formation family, an aura of elitism, and associative links to roots in Russian words such as rezat’ (to cut) and rezkiy (sharp), resulting in a phonetic disadvantage compared to Russian synonyms like pokornost’ (submission) and smireniye (humility).
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):125-146
125-146
Russian Neologisms with Social Semantics: Features of Identification and Principles of Lexicography
摘要
The study examines neological processes in the Russian language based on the utilization of its own resources. The novelty of the research lies in the typologization of this type of new Russian vocabulary within the thematic group “Society”. The material for the study consists of words and phraseologisms with institutional social semantics, which are included in the first volume of the new “Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Neologisms”, one of the compilers of which is the author of the article. A semantic characterization of new Russian words and phraseologisms is provided. It is noted that social semantics was identified both in the assertive part of the semanteme and on the near periphery, as well as in pragmatic presumption. The inclusion of words with not only Russian roots and affixes (the first part of the dictionary) but also with foreign roots and Russian affixes (the second part) is justified. It is indicated that the latter constitute a significant portion of the neologisms. Examples are given for describing different types of neological linguistic units. A fragment of the ideographic reconstruction of the lexical stock of Russian neologisms described in the first part of the dictionary is presented. The stylistic affiliation of the linguistic units included in the dictionary is analyzed. The conclusion is drawn about the stylistic blending when using neologisms in different types of discourse.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):147-166
147-166
MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS AND JOURNALISM
Pragmatics of User Interaction with Scientific Internet Articles
摘要
The contemporary realities of the academic sphere necessitate a shift in scientific communication to the electronic environment. This article presents a study on the peculiarities of scientists’ perception of scientific internet texts and the principles governing their actual interaction with such texts. The aim of the research is to establish how readers engage with affordances (interactive elements) in online scientific articles and what pragmatic factors shape this interaction. To achieve this, we conducted a survey, an experimental reading session involving scientific articles with affordances, and an analysis of semi-structured interviews with respondents from a targeted sample. It was found that the nature of interaction with affordances in online scientific texts is determined by two types of pragmatic factors: internal factors, which are influenced by the pragmatics of the respondents themselves, and external factors, which are related to the reading conditions. Internal pragmatic factors include the technological and academic experience of the recipient, their reading objectives, as well as their physical needs and capabilities. External pragmatic factors encompass the reading situation, the technical capabilities of the reading device, and the properties of the affordances themselves. This proposed classification is conditional, as in practice, the listed factors are interconnected and often mutually influence each other and the recipient’s behavior towards affordances. Future research on the pragmatics of the production and reception of affordances should incorporate quantitative methods.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):167-187
167-187
The study is supported by Russian Science Foundation, project number 23-78-10085, https://rscf.ru/project/23-78-10085/
摘要
This article focuses on the emergence of new aggregator platforms within media space that showcase a variety of educational courses and programs at different levels. The aim of the study is to identify the specifics of the methodology for mapping the educational landscape in media space at global, national, and local levels, particularly in the context of exploring adult education ecosystems. The theoretical framework is grounded in an ecosystemic approach to education, employing qualitative content analysis, comparison, and juxtaposition as research methods. The analysis of the mapping methodology is based on metrics delineated by the authors, drawn from scholarly sources and analytical reports that elucidate the characteristics of the contemporary educational landscape and its representation in media space. The educational landscape is examined as a complex sociocultural phenomenon. General and specific principles of its media mapping are identified, taking into account various scales, with a common principle being the combination of both bottom-up and top-down strategies for data collection and analysis. The modern educational landscape is described with consideration of the diversity of ecosystemic connections. The authors demonstrate the potential of this methodology and emphasize that media mapping of the educational landscape allows for the identification of key providers, the establishment of pathways for adult learning, and the synchronization of supply and demand for skills in the labor market.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):188-207
188-207
Evaluative Perception of Memes Among Youth Internet Audiences: A Pilot Psycholinguistic Experiment
摘要
This study explores the evaluative perception of memes and demotivators among youth internet audiences within the framework of a pilot psycholinguistic experiment. The research identifies the specifics of evaluative opinions, verbal reactions, and the components of multimodal texts that effectively capture attention. Data collection was conducted using the online service Yandex Forms, with a sample of 100 participants aged 18 to 22 years. The stimulus materials comprised a heterogeneous set of multimodal texts, including 26 memes and demotivators featuring static images. The results and statistical analyses reveal the ambiguity in evaluative perceptions and the breadth of preferences among participants. Analysis of evaluative opinions indicates a strong preference among youth audiences for humorous, contemporary, and original multimodal texts that accurately reflect life realities, including those related to their social status. Conversely, outdated and irrelevant memes, both in form and content, elicited negative reactions, being perceived as unfunny and foolish, and contrary to their viewpoints. The study also highlights distinctive features in the evaluative perception and interpretation of meme content elements by participants, including variability in interest distribution, polarization of opinions regarding the same content element, and the influence of individual preferences and personal experiences.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):208-229
208-229
Elements of Promotional Discourse in English-Language Academic Abstracts
摘要
This article focuses on identifying elements of promotional discourse within Englishlanguage abstracts. The research corpus comprises ten abstracts from highly cited articles published in the Journal of Linguistics. It is demonstrated that at the lexical level, the promotional aspect is represented by specialized terminology and vocabulary that emphasizes the experimental nature of the research. Additionally, it is established that grammatical features of the abstract are realized through action-oriented verbs, present tense, a combination of active and passive voice, and the use of the pronoun “we,” which the authors employ to construct a dialogue with the reader. The analysis reveals that the sentences in the abstracts are complex and contain clarifying information. Notably, parallel constructions and enumerations — expressive syntactic techniques — are introduced in the abstracts to enhance the significance of the research findings. At the linguo-pragmatic level, references to sources, quantitative data, contextualization of the study, and contrasts are highlighted. All of these techniques are interpreted as aimed at representing specific attributes of the scientific work: high significance, breadth, reliability, and overcoming the limitations of previous research by colleagues. The conclusion is drawn that the promotional features of the abstract may be expressed implicitly; however, as is characteristic of promotional texts, they are directed towards attracting attention to both the research and the author.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):230-251
230-251
LITERARY STUDIES. FOLKLORE
“Queen of Spades” and “Petty Demon”: Pushkinian Allusions and Their Functions in F. Sologub’s Novel
摘要
The problems of the undertaken research are associated with the uncertainty of the semantic mechanisms of intertextual interaction between Sologub’s novel “The Petty Demon” and Pushkin’s story “The Queen of Spades”. In the research literature, particular overlaps between these works have been noted, but the systemic semantic connection between these two texts has not yet been identified, which determines the relevance of the article. The hypothesis of the work is that Pushkin’s “Queen of Spades” serves as a structural prototype for Sologub’s novel “The Petty Demon.” This structural prototype collects individual reminiscent elements of Sologub’s text into a single semantic plot-organized unit. The purpose of the study is to identify the constructive elements of this prototype in Sologub’s novel using the method of semantic comparative analysis. As a result, it was proved that Sologub uses the key semantic blocks of Pushkin’s “Queen of Spades”, while in the recipient text these blocks include both themes and motives and images. Significant elements include: the theme of cards, the motive of card addiction, the motive of madness, the motive of pragmatic marriage, “double” infernal female images. It is shown that the specificity of the implementation of this narrative structure in Sologub’s text is associated with the inversion of pathos: Pushkin's ironic pathos is transformed into burlesquetragic, and tragic connotations are embedded in the paradigm of the comic. All this allows us to conclude that the grotesque-parody function is the key for the intertextual dialogue between Sologub and Pushkin.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):252-272
252-272
Unreliable Narrator and Its Pragmatic Effects in V. V. Nabokov’s “Pale Fire”
摘要
This article examines the narrative technique employed by V. V. Nabokov in his novel “Pale Fire,” reflecting postmodern skepticism towards metanarratives by subverting the formal elements of literary texts. The narrative is presented through the lens of an unreliable first-person narrator, Charles Kinbote, who, in his self-appointed role as commentator on John Shade’s poetic text, challenges established narrative norms, thereby destabilizing the structure of the novel. The aim of this study is to trace how Kinbote’s irrationalist approach to linguistic nominations complicates the reader’s access to the deeper meanings embedded within the text. It is established that the theme of Shade’s poem, which serves as the subject of Kinbote’s academic commentary, possesses an unstable form, leaving the reader unable to definitively identify character representations or ascertain whether the presented version of the poem is final. The unreliable narrator oscillates between two distinct narrative threads — one pertaining to the universe of New Wye and the other to the imagined world of Zembla — while simultaneously adopting various identities. The conclusion drawn is that the psychological profile of the commentator calls into question the veracity of his character, as he struggles to assess the relevance of disparate fragments of information.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):273-291
273-291
Excess of Sensuality: Poetics of Grotesque in Plays of Nina Sadur
摘要
This article explores the poetics of the grotesque in the works of Nina Sadur, focusing on her dramatic collections “Chudnaya Baba” [Strange Woman] and “Obmorok” [Fainting], alongside a series of interviews and her writings on creativity. It is noted that the poetics of the grotesque aligns with the writer’s creative objective — stimulating individual sensuality and enhancing the aesthetic capacity to perceive the world and life through dramatic art. The analysis delves into rich grotesque imagery that disrupts cognitive inertia and reveals the hidden existence of multiple worlds. The symbolic functions of the human body are examined, as well as characters exhibiting psychological anomalies and their associated peculiar actions, which serve as methods for constructing their own ritual-mythological chronotope and generating a grotesque tragicomic effect through the symbiosis and blending of two theatrical chronotopes. It is demonstrated that Nina Sadur, through her unique artistic poetics that diverge from rationality and scientific discourse, creates a mystical realm within the theater that exists outside the present world, expressing an alternative, enigmatic psychological truth. These poetic moments encapsulate the mystical dualistic experiences of the grotesque aesthetics present in Sadur’s plays. The author concludes that the poetics of the grotesque is rooted in the clash between Nina Sadur’s primal instincts and the reality of her life, reflecting a creative aspiration to restore and elevate individual sensuality.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):292-309
292-309
HISTORY
Higher Education System in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Second Half of 20th Century and 21st Century
摘要
This article examines the achievements, challenges, characteristics, and future prospects of the higher education system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with particular emphasis on potential collaboration with the Russian Federation. The study investigates the activities, structure, and organization of the educational processes at three leading universities in the Kingdom: King Saud University (KSU), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM). An analysis of documents outlining the prospects for cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Russia in mutually beneficial areas, notably higher education, is presented. Data from major international ranking agencies, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities, QS World University Rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, are provided. The article characterizes the structure of leading universities in the Kingdom, their funding sources, and distinctive features of their corporate culture. Special attention is given to the developmental directions of these universities, their scientific and educational projects, and their appeal to both Saudi nationals and international faculty and students. Based on an examination of the experiences of interaction between the authorities of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as their official statements, prospective areas for collaboration between the educational systems of both nations are highlighted.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):311-336
311-336
Agricultural Experimentation in Cotton Cultivation under Natural and Climatic Conditions of Southern Russia (1920s-1940s)
摘要
This article examines the intricacies of cotton production organization in Southern Russia during the 1930s. It analyzes the progression and outcomes of cotton planting and harvesting campaigns amid challenging natural and climatic conditions. A comparative analysis of cotton sowing practices in Kalmykia and Dagestan is presented. The findings indicate that non-irrigated cotton farming developed more intensively in the former region, while irrigated cotton cultivation thrived in Dagestan, which had ample water resources. It is concluded that the increase in cotton production in Southern Russia during this period primarily resulted from the expansion of cultivated areas. The study demonstrates that pre-war Southern Russian cotton farming did not meet practical expectations and failed to provide the country with sufficient raw cotton. Archival documents serve as the primary materials for this research, introducing previously unpublished resources into the academic discourse. The relevance and practical significance of this study lie in the fact that the historical experience of cotton sowing in Southern Russia can inform contemporary agricultural development in the country.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):337-359
337-359
Social Structure of Murghab Sovereign’s Estate (1889—1912): Plans and Reality
摘要
This study aims to explore the relationship between the economic development of the Murghab Sovereign’s Estate, established in 1897, and its social structure. The primary sources of this article are reports from the Bayramali Police Administration and accompanying statistical data from the years 1909 to 1912. Inductive analysis and synthesis of the factual data demonstrate that the capitalist relations emerging within the economy of the Murghab Estate had a significant direct impact on its social structure and the sociocultural everyday life of its inhabitants. It is noted that these natural capitalist tendencies were regulated by the Estate Administration in accordance with their objectives. With access to substantial irrigated lands, the Administration altered the conditions of land leasing, transitioning towards long-term leases with smallholder producers while reducing the proportion of tenants employing laborers. These smallholder tenants were intended to form the backbone of the estate’s social structure. Concurrently, the rules governing rental payments were modified, rendering them inconvenient for larger tenants. The infrastructure being developed within the estate was aligned with the needs of its population and the objectives set forth for the estate.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):360-379
360-379
Soviet Military Assistance to Egypt During Early Presidency of Anwar Sadat (September 1970 — October 1973)
摘要
This article analyzes the military-technical cooperation between the USSR and Egypt in the early 1970s. Central to this study is the political interaction between the two nations, as well as the challenges faced by Cairo and Moscow following Anwar Sadat’s rise to power. Particular attention is given to the factors that hindered the maintenance of a high level of Soviet military aid to Egypt during the period from 1971 to 1973. The research focuses on the political intentions of the leadership in both countries, with special emphasis on the bilateral relationship crisis in 1972. The study examines the impact of this crisis on the rearmament process of the Egyptian army and analyzes the strategies employed to secure necessary armaments for Egypt, culminating in President Sadat’s decision to initiate war with Israel in October 1973. The novelty of this research lies in its analysis of materials from Russian archives and memoirs of Egyptian political and military figures in Arabic. The relevance of this study is underscored by its demonstration of the complexities of the political processes occurring in Egypt that influenced the nature and level of SovietEgyptian relations, particularly in the realm of military-technical cooperation during 1970–1973.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):380-397
380-397
Evolution of India-Nepal Relations from 2014 to 2024
摘要
This article examines the bilateral relations between India and Nepal, which hold a unique status. On one hand, India perceives the mountainous nation not only as a culturally and civilizationally close neighbor but also as a vulnerable link in its security framework. On the other hand, Nepal endeavors to pursue a policy of balancing, striving to prevent the excessive strengthening of either neighbor’s influence within its borders. The study demonstrates that during the specified period, India has intensified its South Asian foreign policy under the “Neighborhood First” strategy. This has led to a significant increase in political contacts and a robust growth in economic interactions. However, it is revealed that frequent crises in relations, India's exertion of pressure, and the anti-Indian rhetoric of certain Nepali leaders have detrimental effects on the positive perception of bilateral ties within society. It is established that the Madhesi communities residing along the southern stretch of the India-Nepal border — most closely associated with India — are the most adversely affected by these dynamics. Furthermore, the article underscores the critical role of the Chinese factor in the evolution of bilateral relations, as China consistently strengthens its foothold in Nepal (and across South Asia). The analysis also illustrates how India responds to Beijing’s initiatives in the Himalayan state.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):398-419
398-419
Material Incentives for Innovation and Rationalization in Soviet Enterprises during 1960s to 1980s
摘要
This article addresses the issues of funding innovative activities in the USSR during the second half of the 20th century. It argues that an effective mechanism for material incentives for innovation was never established in the Soviet Union. The study demonstrates that the resources allocated for the development of invention and rationalization were used ineffectively by both ministries and agencies, as well as by public organizations. In the context of a planned economy, achieving an optimal balance of interests among stakeholders in the process of creating and utilizing inventions was virtually unattainable. Through specific examples and statistical data, it is shown that innovators gradually shifted their efforts from developing and implementing major inventions and rationalization proposals to minor improvements that could be easily adopted by enterprises, reflected in statistical reports, and for which they received modest but stable rewards. It was found that payments intended to expedite the creation and dissemination of innovations became arbitrary disbursements to managerial staff and administrative employees, who often had no direct involvement with the innovations produced. The conclusion drawn is that the funding mechanism for innovative activity in the USSR did not foster a sustainable motivation for effective inventive and rationalization efforts.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):420-444
420-444
Justices of Peace in Russian Empire as an Alternative to Formal Judicial Proceedings: 1775–1866
摘要
This article examines the establishment and functioning of the Justices of the Peace in the Russian Empire, initiated by Catherine II in 1775 and fully abolished in 1866. Utilizing a structural analysis method, the study investigates the judicial processes within these courts from 1775 to 1866. A formal-logical approach is employed to analyze the existing legislation of the Russian Empire concerning the jurisdiction of the Justices of the Peace. The research draws on administrative documents from the State Archive of Voronezh Oblast and legislative acts from the late 18th to mid-19th centuries. The novelty of this study lies in its perspective of viewing the Justices of the Peace as an alternative to formal judicial proceedings, which were primarily based on inquisitorial principles as an ideal type of legal process, alongside theories of formal evidence, where judicial decisions were made without regard for the internal convictions of the judge. The author concludes that the judicial process of the Justices of the Peace was primarily aimed at protecting private interests, with the nature of this alternative to formal proceedings varying depending on whether the case was criminal or civil.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):445-462
445-462
Violations of Forestry Legislation and Their Enforcement in Mining Ural Region during 1870s to Early 1890s
摘要
This study examines the dynamics, social dimensions, causes, and characteristics of illegal activities within the forestry sector of the Mining Ural region from the 1870s to the early 1890s, focusing on data from the Perm Province. The analysis reveals a high incidence of crimes related to the theft and damage of timber resources, supported by identified statistical data. It is shown that the increasing trend of such offenses prompted a tightening of state law enforcement policies during the reign of Alexander III. Notably, the most serious crimes in the forestry sector, which fell under the jurisdiction of general judicial institutions — such as mass resistance against forest guards and armed threats to officials of the mining and forestry agency—were relatively rare. This study provides a novel analysis of the class, gender, and age structure of individuals convicted for violations of state forest regulations. At the micro level, it highlights the realities of forestry crime and its suppression in the Ural region. Based on materials from periodicals, administrative records, and judicial investigation documents, it concludes that the prevalence of timber theft in the Mining Ural region stemmed from unresolved issues in state regulation of forestry relations and other problems, including unemployment, poverty, and inaccessibility to essential resources. The author argues that a significant portion of forestry law violations in the Ural region during the late 19th century can be characterized as social crime.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):463-480
463-480
Mongolia and 14th Dalai Lama in Late 20th and 21st Centuries
摘要
This study explores the role of the Dalai Lama institution in the political processes of Mongolia, both from a historical perspective and in the context of contemporary events. The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the presence of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political life. Conceptually and methodologically, the research relies on the theory of post-secular society. The sources for this study include legal documents from Mongolia, data from national censuses, results from sociological surveys, and publications from Mongolian, Russian, and Western media that address the relationships between state, society, and religion. The authors argue that modern Mongolia exemplifies a post-secular society. It is noted that the abandonment of state atheism and the phenomenon of “Buddhist revival” have led to a significant intertwining of religious and secular institutions. The figure of the 14th Dalai Lama is regarded as a crucial participant in these processes. The study establishes that the main factors contributing to the involvement of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political processes include his high religious authority among believers, the legitimization of Mongolian reincarnations, and his image as a “democratic leader.” Factors that restrain the influence of the Dalai Lama include a significant segment of non-religious citizens in Mongolia, risks of deteriorating relations with the People’s Republic of China, and trends toward the nationalization of Mongolia’s Buddhist sangha.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):481-496
481-496
Celebrating Anniversaries of Petrograd (Leningrad) University from 1918 to 1944
摘要
This article situates itself within two rapidly evolving historiographical fields: the history of universities and the study of historical memory. It investigates the practices surrounding the celebration of anniversaries and milestones at Petrograd (Leningrad) University during the early Soviet period. Utilizing a range of sources, including press materials, ego-documents, and administrative records related to the preparation for these anniversary celebrations—specifically those in 1919, 1929, 1939, and 1944—the study reveals how the scenarios and nature of these commemorative events evolved under the influence of state memory policies. Over time, these anniversaries transformed into yet another celebration on the “red calendar” for faculty and students alike. The article also explores how the university leveraged these jubilee festivities for corporate purposes. The authors conclude that university administrators and faculty successfully used these anniversaries as opportunities to draw governmental attention to pressing issues facing higher education. Furthermore, the paper addresses the impact of jubilee traditions on the historiography of the university itself, demonstrating that by the late 1930s and early 1940s, a new “Soviet” perspective on the history of Saint Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad) University emerged during these celebrations, laying the groundwork for future research in this area.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):497-514
497-514
Settlements in Tobolsk District (County) from 1860s to the 1920s: Formation and Development Characteristics
摘要
This study explores the process of formation and subsequent development of settlements as a distinct type of rural locality within the settlement network of the Tobolsk District. Utilizing the “Lists of Localities” as a primary source, the research analyzes five temporal snapshots (for the years 1869, 1893, 1903, 1909, and 1926) to trace the dynamics of settlement populations and to determine their proportion within the overall number of localities in the district. The study calculates the number of newly established settlements of this status in comparison to each preceding period, establishing their average size (in terms of households and population). It concludes that the practice of relocating from “parent” settlements to form new ones was predominantly observed among the indigenous Russian population and settlers. Notably, approximately one-third of the settlements that emerged in the 1860s had disappeared from the map of Tobolsk County by the 1920s, while most of those that persisted achieved village status. Favorable factors contributing to the continued existence of these settlements included their location along postal or zemstvo routes, access to water sources, proximity to local trade and industrial centers, and the economic strength of households that relocated from their ancestral villages to settle on unoccupied lands.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):515-531
515-531
German Collective Farms in Leningrad Region during Mid-1930s: Insights from District Newspapers
摘要
This study explores the representation of German collective farms in the district’s Russianlanguage periodical press during the mid- 1930s. The primary source for this analysis is the newspaper “Socialistichesky Prigorod” [Socialist Suburb], published in the Leningrad Suburban District. It has been determined that most newspaper articles characterize German collective farms as exemplary agricultural organizations that underwent a significant transformation—from systematic lagging behind to achieving advanced economic positions within the district. The initial backwardness of these collective farms was attributed by the press to deliberate sabotage by “classalien elements,” which, according to the authors of the articles, hindered the development of national collective farms and their ability to meet planned production targets. Furthermore, the economic successes of the German collective farms were linked to the focused efforts of the German poor and Soviet-party organs aimed at purging the collectives of “kulaks,” alongside the enthusiasm of individual German peasants. It is noted that, in conjunction with other types of sources, the district periodical press provides a comprehensive and holistic picture of the socio-economic modernization of the German countryside in the 1930s.
Nauchnyi Dialog. 2024;13(10):532-555
532-555