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No 1 (2023)
Articles
Assessment of combinational ability of inbred lines of winter rye by the topcross method
Abstract
Dentification perspective on combinational ability of the inbred lines of winter rye is an important stage in hybrid breeding. The purpose of researches - to estimate the general and specific combinational ability of the inbred lines of winter rye by a method of full top crossings. As a maternal form 30 homozygous lines of rye bearing sterile cytoplasm Pampas type served. As testers 4 male fertile homozygous lines used : mfН-1432, mfН-1423, mfН-1147 and mfН-1842. Test crossings carried out in 2019 on spatially the isolated plots. In total 120 simple interlinear hybrids of F1 were received. Their test carried out in 2020 on plots 8,0 m2 in 2 repetitions at norm of seeding of 500 grains on 1 m2. As the standard used population variety Valdai. Productivity of hybrids F1 varied from 5,08 to 7,55 t/hectare at average productivity in experience 6,27t/hectare. Hybrids with participation of the line msH-1185-1 were the most yielding. Their productivity varied from 6,92 to 7,48 t/hectare depending on a tester. Frequency of hybrids of F1 with authentically high competitive heterosis made 20 of 120 or 16,7 %. In dispersion of a sign of productivity the essential contribution was made both the general (GCA), and specific (SCA) combinational ability. However fell to the share of effects GCA 91,2 % of all dispersion of productivity, and to SCA share - 6,9 %. The high relation variances by GCA/SCA is pointed to rather high genetic divergence by the inbred lines taken for crossing. Authentically high GCA showed 7 sterile lines: ms H-1185-1, msH-1185-2, msН-1179, msН-1238, msН-700, msН-48, msН-1247. Among lines testers of the best on GCA there was mfН-1147. High effects of SCA showed the msН-451, msН-577, msН-842, msH-1185-2 and msН-1190 lines, and also testers of mfН-1432 and mfН-1423. It is characteristic that average productivity of hybrids with participation of lines with high GCA was authentically above, than average productivity of hybrids with participation of lines from high SCA (6,76 t/hectare against 6,24 t/hectare, tfact=3,38> t05=2,22). Significantly low GCA possessed 9 sterile lines. Positive correlation between effects of GCA lines and level of their own productivity is revealed (r=0,59, t fact =2,30> t 05=2,22)
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):3-8
3-8
Panicle formation order influence in rice Oryza sativa L in vitro androgenesis
Abstract
A comparative analysis of rice Oryza sativa L. main and lateral panicles in androgenesis in vitro on F1 plants of two hybrid combinations: L×3P and K×3P to increase the number of cultivated anthers during the season was carried out. Donor plants were grown on the growing area in metal vessels filled with soil. The main panicle was used from three L×3P hybrids and one K×3P hybrid, single lateral panicle was cut from six L×3P plants and three K×3P plants. The genotypes number was calculated as the product of the calli number with doubled haploids by 1.25. In vitro culture 2050 anthers were introduced. According to the intensity of callus formation, the number of green regenerants per callus, and the doubled haploids proportion, there were no statistically significant differences between the main and lateral panicles in the L×3P combination. In total, 215 doubled haploids lines of twenty nine genotypes were obtained, which is theoretically sufficient for breeding a new variety. On the hybrid combination K×3P, 120 doubled haploids of five genotypes were formed from one donor plant with the main panicle. There were no statistically significant differences between the main and lateral panicles. It is concluded that it is expedient to use lateral rice panicles in vitro androgenesis to create the initial breeding material. Their use makes it possible to distribute labor force over time and increase the total volume of anthers cultivated in vitro, and, ultimately, the doubled haploids number and variability of one sample. In the time absence and other restrictions, it is preferable to use the main panicle.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):9-12
9-12
Genetic stability of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) plants obtained during long-term clonal micropropagation
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic stability of lavender cultivars during long-term clonal micropropagation using RAPD and ISSR markers. The material for the study was three lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) cultivars of the Crimean breeding - ‘Vdala', ‘Sineva', ‘Stepnaya'. The biological objects were the original donor plants (grown under controlled conditions), as well as microshoots after 6 and 16 subcultivations during in vitro propagation. We used two RAPD (OPA 10, OPO 13) and four ISSR primers (HB 13, HB 15, ISSR 1, ISSR 2, ISSR 3). It was not found significant differences on the number and length of shoots, the number of nodes on the shoot and the multiplication index after 6 and 16 subcultivations for all cultivars. According to the morphology, the microshoots of the three studied cultivars after different periods cultivation also did not differ from each other. Using 7 markers, we identified 62 loci. All primers used in the work were polymorphic (41.7...88.9%), and the amplification products reliably identified lavender cultivars. The length of the amplified fragments varied from 378 to 2177 base pairs. The microshoots, obtained using clonal micropropagation after 6 and 16 subcultivations, were identical in genetic profile to the original lavender cultivars. As a result, the possibility of long-term (at least 16 subcultivations) micropropagation of lavender was shown, while maintaining their genetic stability.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):13-19
13-19
Ecological study of alfalfa varieties of different geographical origin in the south of the Central Russian upland
Abstract
The research was conducted to study the fodder and seed productivity of alfalfa varieties, alfalfa sowing and yellow alfalfa of different geographical origin in the potential range of harmful viral phytoplasma infections («witch’s broom alfalfa») in the southern Middle Russian uplands and to identify the most productive and resistant varieties for further breeding. Seventeen alfalfa varieties were studied in seed and fodder use. We evaluated varieties and breeding patterns of the Middle Urals (Sarga, Victoria, 193-95 d, 20-89 N, Vela x Sarga), Moscow suburbs breeding (Nakhodka, Vega 87), breeding of the Central Black Earth region (Belgorod 86, Krasnoyaruzhskaya 1, Krasnoyaruzhskaya 2, Pavlovskaya 7), Canada (Dakota), Germany (Verko, Plato), France (Luzelle, Galaxy), Saratov region (Artemida). Under the conditions of the southern Srednerusskaya Upland, varieties and variety samples of the Ural breeding have the most stable seed yield - on average over 3 years of research at the level of 76,3...84,2 g/m2. In terms of total dry matter yield over a three-year period they are not inferior to domestic and imported varieties, the most widely distributed in the Central Black Earth Region (CCR), and allow for an average three-year yield of 516,8 ... 537,9 g/m2 dry matter. Among the varieties of hybrid alfalfa and sowing alfalfa, varieties of European selection are most susceptible to virus-phytoplasma infections (VPL) - the prevalence of VPL on average for three years is 12,1...16,3 %. In this group of varieties, varieties of heterohybrid cultivars and breeding samples of Ural alfalfa variegated varieties are least affected - the incidence of VPL averaged over three years is 3,3...4,5 %. The lowest incidence of VPL was found in the alfalfa yellow variety Pavlovskaya 7, with an average incidence of 1,6 % over three years. In order to increase alfalfa seed production and its resistance to VPL in the south of the Srednerusskaya Upland, the Ural varieties and selection samples Sarga, Victoria, 193-95 d, 20-89 H, Vela x Sarga and the yellow alfalfa variety Pavlovskaya 7 should be used in breeding work.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):20-24
20-24
The influence of meteorological factors on the yield formation of naked oats under conditions of the Kirov region
Abstract
In 2019-2021 studies were carried out in the Kirov region in order to study the cultivars and lines of naked oats in terms of yield and elements of the productivity structure at the background of varying temperature and precipitation during the growing season and to identify promising ones for use in production. Four naked oat lines and the cv. Baget were studied in comparison with the standard cv. Vyatsky. Methods of descriptive and correlation analyses and Student's t-test were used. On average, over the years of the study the highest yield was 4.34 t/ha, the largest number of grains 42.78 pcs., the mass of grain per panicle 1.24 g and per plant 1.33 g. In 2021, it was the most unfavorable conditions over the years of the study (GTC = 0.11, the sum of effective temperatures of 1219.9 °C); the yield varied from 1.01 t/ha for the standard to 1.66 t/ha for the 4h12 line which had duration of growing season of 75...77 days. More favorable weather conditions during the growing season (GTC = 1.78, the sum of effective temperatures of 1634 °C) to form a high yield of up to 7.31 t/ha in cv. Baget and 7.28 t/ha in line 72h11 was in 2019, with a duration of growing season of 97...101 days. In 2020, the indicators were average: yield of 3.70...4.88 t/ha, the sum of effective temperatures of 1327 °C, GTC = 1.77. A positive effect was established of the temperature and precipitation, according to the GTC during the period from seedlings to ear formation, on the yield (r = 0.69...0.84) for all genotypes studied; and for the period from seedlings to waxy ripeness, it varied from significant (r = 0.81... 0.84 in cv. Baget and 63h11 line) to insignificant (r = 0.34...0.73 in lines 72h11, 4h12, 11h12o and standard). Line 4h12 is classified as promising for use in production in terms of the ability to form significantly higher yields in drought conditions relative to the standard (+ 0.65 t/ha) and other lines (+ 0.29...0.52 t/ha).
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):25-29
25-29
Dynamics of accumulation of 137CS, botanical composition and productivity of legume-cereal mixtures in the Tula region
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to select grass mixtures to improve hay and pasture lands on ravine - beam systems that have been exposed to radioactive contamination, to evaluate agrotechnical and agrochemical techniques to increase productivity and restore radioactively contaminated slope forage lands and reduce the accumulation of 137Cs in the grass. The work was carried out in 2003-2010 and 2019-2021 in the Plavsky district of the Tula region on medium loamy leached chernozem. In the first experiment, the yield and dynamics of accumulation of 137Cs by perennial grasses were studied. Perennial herbs were grown in variants without fertilizers and with annual application of N60P60K60. The objects of research were meadow clover, creeping clover, variable alfalfa, eastern goat, horned lyadvenets, boneless rump, meadow fescue, meadow timothy. The most productive in the experiments was a mixture of meadow clover, variable alfalfa and boneless stalk (10,5 t /ha of dry matter). The content of 137Cs in the air-dry mass of cereal-legume grass mixtures ranged from 8,3 to 40,1 Bq/kg. Perennial leguminous grasses bore 2...3 times more 137Cs than cereals. In the second experiment, the objects of the study were single-species crops of boneless stalk and its mixture with eastern goat with the use of mineral and microbiological fertilizers. As a result, it was found that the introduction of large doses of nitrogen fertilizers increased the accumulation of 137Cs in the herbage. With fractional fertilization, such an increase can be avoided. The complex application of nitrogen and microbiological fertilizers contributes to a 2-fold increase in the content of 137Cs in the herbage. In the experiments, the lowest values of the accumulation coefficients of 137Cs were noted in the variants with the addition of double superphosphate with potassium chloride and borofoski.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):30-34
30-34
Spring wheat yield under application of growth promoting rhizobacterium in soil contaminated with nickel
Abstract
Impact of growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens 20 on the yield of spring wheat was studied in pot experiment. Plants were grown up to maturity when agrogray soil was contaminated with Ni as NiCl2·6H2O at a rate of 200 mg Ni/kg of soil against background of applying NPK fertilizers. After harvesting, content of nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in grain, straw and roots was determined. N was determined by phenol technique. Resistance of plants to Ni toxicity was found under bacterial inoculation. Application of bacterium eliminated phytotoxicity of heavy metal and provided the same biomass production including grain as in control - in non-inoculated plants non-exposed Ni stress. Resistance of plants inoculated with bacterium to Ni toxicity was due to enhanced growth of root system and increase in content and accumulation of Ni in roots and, as a result this was not accompanied by increase in metal incorporation into aboveground organs. Resistance of plants inoculated with bacterium to Ni toxicity was due to enhanced growth of root system and increase in content and accumulation of Ni in roots. Application of bacterium also improved mineral nutrition of plants - increased nutrient uptake from contaminated soil. Increase in nutrient uptake by yield from contaminated soil as influenced by inoculation with bacterium was due to growth promotion and increase of plant weight in general without significant changes in content of most elements in aboveground organs and roots. Bacterium enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metal (soil cleaning) - increased Ni uptake by aboveground organs without significant changes in its content in grain and straw. Increase in Ni uptake by bacterially inoculated plants occurred without changes of soil medium reaction and was probably due to production of bacterial siderophores.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):35-39
35-39
The optimization of grain crops’ phytosanitary condition with the associative rhizobacteria application
Abstract
The effectiveness of the associative rhizobacteria influence on the intensity of the soft wheat and triticale diseases’ development was studied. According to the experimental scheme, seeds were soaked and plants were sprayed twice with a working fluid, containing rhizobacteria strains of Bacillus subtilis 124-11, Sphingomonas sp. K1B and Pseudomonas fluorescens SPB2137 (titer 108-109 cl/ml), and other variants with combined treatment with a liquid organomineral composition Batr Gum were used. In the control plants were treated with water and Batr Gum (by 10 ml/l of water). The biopreparations influence on the diseases development was investigated using generally accepted accounting scales and additional phytopathological indicators. The Bacillus subtilis strain 124-11, had the maximal effectiveness against yellow and brown rust of wheat, and Sphingomonas sp. K1B - against triticale rusts. In particular, the treatment of the local cultivar Leningradskaya 6 with Bacillus subtilis 124-11 led to a decrease in the development of yellow rust by 12 %, the pustules number by 47 %, the strip length by 41 %, the pustule area by 39 %; the brown rust development by 9 %, the pustules number by 50 %, the pustule area the by 40 %. After the Dua, k-828 cultivar treatment with the Sphingomonas sp. K1B strain, a decrease in the plants affection by brown rust was observed by 13 %, the pustules number decreased by 59 %, the pustule area by 52 %. A significant decrease in the powdery mildew development on soft wheat and a decrease in the number of spots with plaque were recorded when using the Sphingomonas sp. K1B strain on cultivars: Leningradskaya 6 - by 12 % (79.4 %), Ajeeba - 19 % (72.5 %), Trizo - 13 % (87.2 %), Sudarynya - 3 % (60 %). On the soft wheat cultivar Sudarynya and triticale cultivars Aist Kharkovskiy and Dua, a decrease in helminthosporiotic root rot was revealed when using associative rhizobacteria; the maximal decrease in the disease development (by 32 %) was noted when using the strain Sphingomonas sp. K1B. When bacterial strains were used combined with the organomineral fertilizer Batr Gum, the development of powdery mildew and yellow rust was much slower than when they were used separately, while the greatest effectiveness against these diseases (by 31 % and 91 %) was revealed in the «Batr Gum + Pseudomonas fluorescens SPB2137» experimental variant.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):40-47
40-47
Sequestration of organic carbon in soddy-podzolic sandy soil
Abstract
The study was carried out in order to study the deposition of organic matter in the clay fraction of soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soil of varying degrees of cultivation. The object of research is soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soil of medium (MDC) and high (HDC) degree of cultivation (Leningrad region). Determination of organic matter was carried out according to the method of Tyurin I.V. The isolation of the clay fraction of the soil (<1 μm) was carried out using sedimentation and centrifugation. X-ray analysis of soil minerals in the clay fraction was carried out on a DRON-ZM X-ray diffractometer, Cu Ka tube, mode 30 mA, 30 kV, from 3.5 to 75 degrees, goniometer rotation speed 1° per minute. A significantly larger (p <0,0001) amount of total organic carbon in the arable horizon of the HDC of the soil, about 28,0 g/kg of soil, was recorded in May and August, which exceeded the content of total organic carbon in the soil of the MDC by 2 times. The highest absolute values in relation to carbon associated with the clay fraction (Cclay) during the growing season were significantly (p <0,01) in the soil of the HDC 82,33…97,51 g/kg of the fraction. The excess amounted to 1,2-1,4 times compared with the MDC option. The highest coefficient of enrichment with organic matter of the clay fraction was observed in the MDC soil, where it was 4,08…4,79, while in the HDC soil, its value varied in the range of 2,95…3,69. The predominant depositing role of dioctahedral micas and chlorite in moderately cultivated soil (r = 0,83) and potassium feldspars in highly cultivated soil (r = 0,99) was revealed. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the content of Cclay and soil temperature r=(-0,84), Cclay and soil moisture r= (-0,91) for soil MDC. The MDC soil had the highest depositing capacity compared to the HDC soil.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):48-52
48-52
Effect of heavy metals on changes in the biochemical profile of pea root exudates
Abstract
By HPLC analysis, a comparative assessment of changes in the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the biochemical composition of low molecular weight root exometabolites in three different genotypes of peas (SGE, SGECDt and Sofya) at an early stage of vegetation under the influence of introducing into the environment toxic concentrations of heavy metals in the form of chlorides (cadmium and/or cobalt - 4 µM / 40 µM). Contamination of the nutrient substrate with salts of heavy metals caused an increase in the total yield of sugars and amino acids in the SGE and SGECDt genotypes. In the variety Sofya, this effect was manifested only in relation to sugars. No statistically significant difference was found in the total yield of organic acids between the three genotypes. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis identified a unique pea mutant SGECDt against the background of other genotypes with the joint introduction of salts of both heavy metals into the nutrient medium. A fractal analysis of the degree of structuredness of root exudation, using the example of the largest fraction of amino acids in terms of the number of components included in it, showed that the values of the correlation coefficients demonstrate an increase in the total plant biomass with a decrease in the indices of biosystemic determination. The lowest indicator of the plant system consolidation index in the absence of stress was found in the variety Sofya. Under the influence of HM, this numerical value did not change in any way, which may indicate the stagnation of plant growth and the transition to a state close to anabiosis. This can also be judged from the data of growth inhibition in the genotype and a decrease in the yield of amino acids. In the presence of HMs individually, the index of determination on pea SGE individually decreased, while in the SGECdt mutant, on the contrary, it increased. The combined effect of metals on SGECdt was multiplicative. Based on these indicators, it can be judged that the plant spends more energy to attract potential beneficial microflora in order to form an effective symbiosis and successfully counter metal-induced stress.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):53-63
53-63
The effectiveness of the complex use of pharmacological agents to preserve the bioresource potential of broiler chickens in conditions of overcompacted planting aggravated by high ambient temperature
Abstract
The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of pharmacological agents to preserve the bioresource potential of broiler chickens in conditions of overcrowded planting and high ambient temperature. The experimental bird of the Ross 308 cross was divided into 2 groups. The stocking density averaged 48.1 ± 1.8 kg/m2, the temperature in poultry houses was 27.1 ± 2.3 °C. Growing and fattening of poultry was carried out for 40 days. In the control group, broilers were not treated with pharmacological agents; in the experimental group, 6 days before slaughter, the method of pharmacological stress correction was used, which consisted of 3 successive stages: 1 preparatory stage - enrichment of the poultry diet with methionine by 10% compared to its initial content; potassium chloride at a dose of 0.3% and betaine at a dose of 10% of the total feed; stage 2 (increasing thermal stability) - 2 hours before the maximum recorded temperatures in the house with drinking water, broilers were given acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of 50-60 mg/kg of body weight; Stage 3 - compensatory, the implementation of which began in the evening, at the time of the temperature drop in the poultry house to the optimum, and consisting in drinking a water-soluble complex, at the rate of 195 mg per 1 kg of body weight. When applying this scheme, a decrease in the mortality of poultry during transportation by 31.5%, an increase in safety to 94.4%, and an increase in the proportion of carcasses of the 1st grade by 7.6% were noted. In the blood serum of broiler chickens of the experimental group, there was a significant increase in total protein by 17.1%, cholesterol by 13.8%, beta-lipoproteins by 23.8% and calcium by 12.3%. The meat of broiler chickens of the experimental group exceeded the control in protein content by 1.08%, tyrosine by 6.9%, threonine by 9.5, phenylalanine by 15.0, leucine and isoleucine by 13.7 and histidine by 34.5%.
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):64-67
64-67
Productivity of young animals of a new breed of rabbits being created
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to identify the best mating strategy for creation a new rabbit breed according to the productivity and phenotype score of the fourth young animals generation. Selective breeding has been focused on the creation of a new rabbit breed since 2018 with the Rodnik cross parent as initial population. The experiments were carried out on the basis of the Afanas`ev Research Institute of Fur - Bearing Animal Breeding and Rabbit Breeding in 2021. A total of 86 rabbits, 26 bucks, were divided into following groups: 1 - outbred buck × outbred doe (inbred mating); 2 - inbred buck × outbred doe; 3 - outbred buck × inbred doe, 238 kits were obtained. The live weight of young rabbits in the second group at the age of 45 and 77 days was 200 g higher (p<0.001) than in the first and third groups, and at 90 days, it was 400 and 300 g higher, respectively (p<0.001). Young animals at the age of 45 and 90 days in the second group had longer bodies than those in the first and third groups by 2.6 and 2.7 cm and 1.6 and 2 cm, respectively (p<0.001). Breast circumferences of young rabbits at 77 and 90 days in the second group were 1.2 and 1.3 (p< 0.001) cm and 0.4 and 1.3 cm (p< 0.001), respectively, larger than those in the first and third groups. Young rabbits in the experimental groups had a body weight index of 56.9...58.0%, which demonstrated no statistically significant difference. The mating strategy of the second group produced the highest productivity of young rabbits and helped the offspring to consolidate the following desired characteristics: phenotypic homogeneity, with live weights of 2.4 ± 0.03 kg (p< 0.001) and 2.9± 0.03 kg (p< 0.001) at 77 and 90 days, respectively, and the average daily increase of 43 ± 0.8 g (p < 0.001). At 77 days old, the yield of slaughter weight was at a high level and reached 50.9 ± 0.5% (p<0.01).
Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2023;(1):68-72
68-72