编号 1 (2025)

The article presents the results of a study of age representations (childhood, youth, old age) in Latin American media. It shows that age symbols are used in Latin American media discourse in the context of topics such as political protests, electoral processes and foreign policy. Symbols of youth are most actively used in the coverage of political protests. In electoral discourse, age symbols are used to create a positive image of a candidate and to serve the function of electoral mobilization.

The article analyzes the data from the Open Budget Data Survey of Brazil and Mexico conducted by experts of the International Budget Partnership in 2023. The analyzed data include the Open Budget Index (OBI), calculated based on the indicators of completeness, timeliness and accessibility of budget information, as well as indicators of the level of public participation in the budget process and the level of budget oversight by the legislature and the supreme audit institution. The methodology for calculating the OBI based on an assessment of the level of openness and accessibility of key budget documents is briefly described. The position of Brazil and Mexico in the rankings on the OBI, public participation in the budget process and budget oversight indicators is presented. According to some indicators, both countries occupy high ranking positions in the world and among countries of their region. The main similarities and differences between the countries on the indicators of budget transparency are commented on. It is concluded that there is potential to maintain and improve the scores and strengthen the position in future rankings, in particular with regard to the OBI and the expansion of opportunities for public participation.

The article identifies the constraints and directions for strengthening trade relations between Russia and Latin American and Caribbean countries (LAC) within the framework of strategic partnership. This is achieved by conducting a comparative analysis of the models of trade relations of LAC countries with the European Union (EU), the USA, and China. The article also assesses the factors that have a negative impact on the external trade cooperation of LAC countries. It is concluded that the formation of an evolutionary model of trade relations between LAC countries and Russia should be based on mutually beneficial cooperation in priority non-resource sectors, services, investments in infrastructure projects, digital commerce, risk assessment, and countering informal restrictions, including through the strengthening of integration processes within unions and trade agreements.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of emotions and psycho-emotional states represented on the female characters of the Mayan figurative plastic art of the 1st millennium AD. More than a hundred female figures of acceptable preservation were analyzed. By adapting the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), it was possible to identify a number of action units of three floors of the face, which are more or less found on the faces of women. In some cases, the presence of a plot allowed us to make assumptions about the triggers of the analyzed emotions and states. In general, it was possible to determine that the display of emotions did not depend on the status of the lady and her age. In addition, the presence of some action units was evidence not of the expression of emotion, but of being a sign of speech, accompanied by gestures or being an iconographic feature of the figurine.

We offer our readers an overview of the presentations by participants in the 19th Russian-Spanish symposium organized by the Center for Iberian Studies of the Institute of Latin America of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During the scientific forum, problems related to serious risks of both internal and external nature facing Russia and Spain were discussed. Scientists examined Russia's active economic policy and the new geography of its foreign economic activity, as well as the importance of the Global South for Spain in the context of building a multipolar world. The researchers paid special attention to socioeconomic processes, and also touched upon the topics of political parties in Spain and the transformation of the party system in Catalonia. In addition, they discussed global challenges and the significant role of Russia in both the old and the emerging world order.

The review examines the problems of the textbook by Liudmila Okuneva "The Main Trends of Development of Political Processes in Brazil (First Quarter of the 21st Century)". The author of the textbook analyzes the evolution and main directions of reformatting the domestic political landscape of Brazil in the first quarter of the 21st century, traces the main trends in the positioning of political forces in different periods — from the «left turn» at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries to the «right drift» and to the «left turn 2.0».