Том 33, № 2 (2025)

The study reviews the types of land cover and analyzes the transformation of land use in Brazilian biomes over the past 30 years. Carbon balance data in connection with changes in land cover are analyzed. The total area of Brazil’s transformed lands has been counted more than 100 million hectares over the past 30 years. The biomes of Amazonia, Cerrado, Mata Atlantica and Caatinga have undergone the greatest changes. One of the main reasons for the transformation is the expansion of agricultural land through deforestation. Thus, the total proportion of the country’s lands subjected to deforestation is 72%. Anthropogenic land cover transformation affects the carbon content in the biomass. Carbon stocks in case of some biomes of Brazil are negative. The lowest rate in Caating is - 43.8 CO2 E/year. The analysis was based on open spatial, statistical data and international scientific publications. The aim of the research is to study land use transformation in some Brazilian biomes and carbon balance in their ecosystems.

In order to assess the possibility and effectiveness of using fibrous carbon fabrics in the elimination of oil spills on the water surface, a study of the sorption properties of various types of carbon fabrics was conducted. The current task is to take timely measures to eliminate and utilize spilled oil and oil products. The purpose of this work is to determine the oil capacity of carbon fibrous materials of various grades and structures. To purify water from oil products, various purification methods are used: mechanical, chemical, physical-chemical, biological. The use of a particular method depends on the source, degree of pollution, volume of pollutant and other circumstances. Among the large number of known cleaning methods, sorption is of great interest as the only one of the most effective and inexpensive cleaning methods. To purify water to the maximum permissible concentration, sorbents must have high oil capacity, hydrophobicity, and also have increased buoyancy. A comparative analysis of the mechanical and thermal methods of reactivation of carbon fabrics after their use as an oil sorbent has been carried out.

Sunflower husk is formed during the production of sunflower oil and due to its poor digestibility by the body, cannot be widely used for animal feed. The authors studied the effect of microbiological fermentation during fermentation for 12 and 24 hours on the quality and safety indicators of sunflower husk. The results of laboratory studies have proven that 1) regardless of the time of microbiological fermentation, the mass fraction of moisture, crude fat, and crude fiber significantly decreased; the mass fraction of crude protein, crude ash, and starch content increased; the level of metabolic energy for all animal species and the content of soluble carbohydrates increased, but the difference was not significant; 2) the resulting fermented product meets the biological and chemical safety requirements for animal feed.

At the present stage of preparation of athletes of the highest achievements for participation in international competitions it is necessary to know the influence of mental properties on the efficiency of temporary adaptation in the conditions of overcoming several time zones to other environmental conditions. The state of the organism was recorded at rest according to the heart rate variability during a 5-minute measurement using the hardware-statistical complex ‘Varicard’. On the example of elite sportsmen parachutists it was revealed that stable properties of men's temperament protect from the negative impact of stressors, influencing their assessment of the environment. Women are prone to emotional stress and are subject to the negative influence of transmeridional movement, so they need earlier individual and group preparation for competitions than men.

The relevance of this study is tied to the growing need for effective management of urban green spaces, which play a key role in maintaining ecological balance and enhancing the quality of life for city residents. In the context of intense urbanization, cities face challenges related to the disruption of ecosystem functions within green areas. The main aim of this paper is to conduct a geoecological assessment of the state of urban greenery in the city of Voronezh using modern methods, including the calculation of significance coefficients for dendrological indicators. The comprehensive approach applied in this article combines traditional ecological diagnostic methods with consideration of dynamic environmental changes. The results indicate a significant contrast in the spatial distribution of green areas in Voronezh, which is linked to urban planning characteristics and anthropogenic impacts. The most extensively greened areas are the natural-recreational and special zones, whereas residential and industrial areas require improvements in their greening. The conclusion emphasizes that to improve the state of urban green spaces in Voronezh, further research should consider changes in ecological factors, alongside refining geoecological assessment methods to foster the development of more resilient urban ecosystems.

For the first time, a study was conducted on the quality of snow cover placed on snow accumulation sites as a result of winter street cleaning in Ulan-Ude. Macro- and microelement composition of snow water and chemical and mineral composition of snow cover solid sediments were analyzed. The results showed that the snow placed on the snow accumulation sites of Ulan-Ude in general satisfies the environmental quality standards in terms of the content of the main cations and anions in snow water and the mineral and chemical composition of the solid sediment. It is largely due to the ban on the use of aggressive anti-icing agents in the territory of the Republic of Buryatia. Meanwhile, the content of Al, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, W, Hg in snow melt water exceeds the maximum permissible concentrations by 1.4-30.5 times, which is caused by the high anthropogenic load on the snow cover of Ulan-Ude in general and the cleaned areas in particular.

The study discusses the chemical properties of rock and drill cuttings. Drill cuttings have a negative impact on the components of the natural environment: soil cover, atmospheric air, groundwater. The purpose of the research was a comprehensive study of the chemical characteristics in the system “rock - drilling fluid - drill cuttings” and proposing approaches to the disposal of drill cuttings. When drilling wells, various types of drilling fluids are used, which affect the physical and chemical characteristics of the cuttings. It was established that the water-based salt drilling fluid with the addition of biodegradable polymers contained high values of water-soluble salts, the highest value was observed for chloride ion - 71087.0 mg/kg. The hydrocarbon-based drilling fluid was characterized by a high content of petroleum products, the concentration of this indicator was 9000 mg/kg. The content of heavy metals depended not only on the composition of drilling fluids, but also on their initial content in the rock. Excesses of arsenic in rock and drill cuttings samples relative to the clarkes of microelements in the lithosphere were revealed. The research results make it possible to establish patterns between drill cuttings and the choice of treatment method, which will reduce the consumption of natural resources and create the preconditions for an environmental and economic effect for the regions.