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No 4 (2025)
Crop Production and Selection
THE ROLE OF MINERAL NUTRITION AND VARIETY IN INCREASING GRAIN PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING OATS
Abstract
This article identifies varieties with a stable immunity to the development and spread of septoria and brown leaf rust. The introduction of mineral nutrition into the soil before cultivation increases the immunity of plants to diseases. Against the background of mineral nutrition at a dose of N60P60K60, the spread of septoria, regardless of the variety, decreased by 46%, and the development of the disease decreased by 43%. The spread and development of brown leaf rust decreases by 40 and 27%, respectively. A further increase in nitrogen nutrition to 90 kg per day, with the combined addition of P60K60, reduces the spread and development of diseases of both septoria and brown leaf rust. Over the years of research, the Kirovsky 2 spring oat variety has been least susceptible to septoria and brown leaf rust. The results of research on grain productivity indicate that in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El, even against an unfavorable background, cultivated varieties of spring oats provide grain yields from 2.43 to 3.10 l/ha. Spring oat varieties reacted differently to the introduction of mineral nutrition. Significant grain yield increases were obtained when fertilizers were applied at a dose of N60P60K60 and N90P60K60. The increase, regardless of the variety, was 16.7% (3.20 l/ha) and 27.4% (3.49 l/ha), respectively. Among the studied varieties of spring oats, the maximum grain productivity was obtained by cultivating Kirovsky 2 on all mineral nutrition options. The study proved that the introduction of mineral nutrition in a dose of N60P60K60 increases the protein content in oat grains by 5.3%, an increase in nitrogen nutrition to 90 kg. in the case of a joint contribution of P60K60 – by 10.5%. The Talenets variety was distinguished by the highest protein content in all mineral nutrition options.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):4-8
4-8
NEW DATA ON JUVENILE RESISTANCE TO FOLIAR DISEASES OF RESISTANCE SOURCES IN TRITICALE
Abstract
The search of triticale sources for resistance to fungal diseases from the collection of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) led to the identification of many resistant accessions. To confirm the breeding value, it is necessary periodically to reevaluate the plants resistance. The seedling resistance in 187 triticale accessions from VIR collection to 4 diseases was studied. Earlier in 2008–2024, in the Russian scientific literature, these accessions were described as resistant to leaf rust – 76 accessions, dark-brown leaf spot blotch – 64, septoria nodorum blotch – 29 and powdery mildew – 39. According to the experiment results, all the samples studied were susceptible to dark-brown leaf spot blotch and septoria blotch. Out of 76 samples, only 28 earlier identified in our work confirmed resistance to leaf rust. Out of 39 samples described as highly resistant to powdery mildew, in this work only 7 accessions confirmed the resistance. We recommend using the identified resistant accessions as reliable sources for triticale breeding. Thus, triticale studies confirm the conclusion, previously made for other cereals, about the susceptibility to diseases of the most accessions described in Russian scientific literature as highly resistant to them. In order to identify reliable sources of resistance to diseases, plant material should be studied in at least 4 independent experiments and at least one additional time when changing populations for inoculation. Resistance assessments are unacceptable with use “benzimidazole” technique, the same as in case of hemibiotrophic fungi, early (3–5 days after inoculation) assessments of diseases development.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):8-13
8-13
MICRONUTRIENTS INFLUENCE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TAGETES PATULA L. ON THE ZOOHUMUS PHONE
Abstract
The work is devoted to the assessment of changes in biometric indices of Tagetes patula plant growth under the influence of increasing doses of pre-sowing treatments of plant seeds with saline solutions of selenium Na2SeO3·(H2O)5 and silicon Na2SiO3·(H2O)5 against the background of the introduction of a liquid extract of zoohumus, a product of the vital activity of Hermetia illucens larvae, into the substrate. The following concentrations of microelements in terms of salts were used for the treatment: Se 5–10–20–30 ppm and Si 50–100–200–300 ppm. The results of measuring the mineral composition of dry zoohumus powder, as well as regulatory changes in plant morphometry under the influence of the introduction of its 1.0% alkaline suspension into the substrate, are presented. The processes of formation of shoot height and root system length were assessed. As a result, the introduction of the zoohumus suspension in the variant with silicon reduced the growth of shoots, with an increase in the length of the root system. The highest plant biomass was obtained at a concentration of 300 ppm Si with the addition of zoohumus. Moreover, a large share in the increase in the total phytomass was due to an increase in the weight of the roots. The increase in biomass was 38% (from 6.50 to 9.00 g). Seed treatment with a silicon compound against the background of zoohumus also increased the length of the root system by 39% (from 15.36 to 21.37 cm). The weight and length of the shoots decreased. Since silicon is mainly absorbed by the roots, it can be assumed that the humic compounds included in the zoohumus contributed to the redistribution of its accumulation in the underground part of plants in the form of a chelate Si-organic group. Separate treatment of seeds with silicon at a concentration of 300 ppm showed comparable results in increasing shoot weight as when growing plants on the background of zoohumus without treating seeds with this microelement. Thus, this concentration of Si can be recommended as an additional trigger for stimulating rhizogenesis and inclusion in the composition of zoocompost. The addition of selenium at all selected concentrations and backgrounds, on the contrary, inhibited shoot growth and root development, from which it can be concluded that these concentrations should either be reduced or their less toxic nanoforms should be used.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):14-18
14-18
YIELD OF GREEN MASS OF FORAGE CROPS IN GRAIN PLANTS CROP ROTATIONS
Abstract
This study focuses on evaluating the green mass yield of forage crops in grain-grass crop rotations with varying durations of using a clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture, considering certain abiotic factors. A stationary experiment conducted from 2013 to 2018 investigated three third-rotation crop rotation schemes: with one-year (A1), two-year (A2), and three-year (A3) utilization of the clover-alfalfa-timothy mixture. Two levels of mineral nutrition (N0 and N60) were also studied against a background application of P60K60. The highest above-ground biomass yield was observed with two cuttings of the perennial grasses, averaging 17.6±0.9 t/ha, which represents a 14.2% increase compared to single-cut management. However, the drought in 2014 reduced the productivity of the second cut by half (2-fold) in the A2 rotation and by 1.4 times in the A3 rotation. The maximum green mass yield was recorded in 2015 within the A3 rotation, reaching 23.1 t/ha, 33.8% higher than in preceding years. Winter rye demonstrated high yield stability, averaging 15.4±1.1 t/ha regardless of the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) and other studied factors. The application of N60 increased rye productivity to 17.5±1.0 t/ha (a 32.6% increase). Mustard, sown as a catch crop after cutting, showed a dependence on the HTC, with maximum yield (8 t/ha) achieved at an HTC of approximately 1.3. It was established that increasing the proportion of perennial grasses in the crop rotation did not consistently lead to higher green mass yield; the average annual yield in the A2 rotation was 15.1 t/ha, which was 31.3–37.0% lower than in the A1 and A3 rotations (19.8–20.7 t/ha). Humus content showed a positive correlation with yield: a 0.1% increase in humus corresponded to a 1.9% increase in green mass yield. The results indicate that the key factors influencing green mass formation for the studied crops are moisture availability (optimal HTC range 0.8–2.3), the level of mineral nutrition (yield increase from nitrogen application up to 24.0%), and soil humus content.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):19-25
19-25
PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF RED CLOVER GRASS STANDS DEPENDING ON CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES TECHNOLOGY
Abstract
Meadow clover (red) is the most important forage crop in most of Russia. The positive qualities of this plant are the presence in the plant tissues of a significant amount of reserve nutrients (crude protein, protein, nitrogen-free extractives), providing high feed value. Meadow clover as a legume plant accumulates organically bound nitrogen in the soil, a large amount of organic mass of crop and root residues, enriching the soil with nutrients and contributing to an increase in its physico-mechanical properties. The disadvantage of culture is its low productive longevity. In this regard, there is a need to intensify cultivation methods in a short period of use in order to obtain the greatest return from crops in the fodder and agrotechnical aspects. Intensification of cultivation methods is everything that helps to increase plant productivity: the application of mineral and organic fertilizers to improve mineral nutrition, inoculation of seeds before sowing to mobilize and activate soil microflora and productive symbiosis of plants and microbiota, the use of growth regulators to directly influence the optimization of photosynthesis processes. The study of the influence of these intensification techniques served as the purpose of our research. It was found that the use of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers most optimally contributed to the processes of crop formation and final productivity of clover herbage. Of the variety of nodule bacteria inoculant strains studied, strain 348a was the most effective because it is species-specific for meadow clover. A positive technique that ensures optimal plant growth and development during the growing season is the use of growth regulators Ribav Extra and Root Super. The studied techniques also had a positive effect on the seed productivity of clover plants, increasing the yield and quality of seeds.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):26-32
26-32
EVALUATION OF CORN VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS BY YIELD IN THE COLLECTION NURSERY OF KHABAROVSK REGION
Abstract
In this study, presented in the article, maize varieties and hybrids of both domestic and foreign breeding were studied in a collection nursery at the experimental field of the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture for 5 years (2020–2024) in the Khabarovsk Territory. The object of study: varieties – Birsu (standard), Gurun 2, Alltet 2; hybrids – Moldavian 215 SV, Russian 1, ROSS 140 SV, ROSS 199 MV, R 7515, R 8521, R 7460, Katerina, Bemo 182, Prokhdadnensky 175 SV, Vilora, Berta, Porumbeni 175 SV. The soil of the experimental area under test: meadow-brown heavy loamy. During the years of the study, the supply of heat and moisture was unstable and characterized by uneven humidification. The biological yield of corn of domestic and foreign breeding was assessed. It was found that hybrids P 7515, P 8521 and P 7460 are capable of yielding high yields of grain with a standard 14% humidity and green mass, but due to the long growing season they ripen to waxy ripeness, the Katerina hybrid to milky-waxy. These hybrids can be cultivated for silage and green mass until mid-September. The new varieties of breeding DV NIISH Alltet 2 and Gurun 2 significantly exceed the Birsu control for grain yields of 14% moisture by 20.7% and 15.6%, respectively. The best results in terms of crop structure were noted on hybrids: Alytus 2, ROSS 199, Katerina, P 7460, Rossiyskaya 1, P 7515 and Prokhdadnensky 175 SV.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):32-36
32-36
RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF BLACK CURRANT ELITE FORMS SELECTION BY THE FEDERAL STATE BUDGET SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION FEDERAL AGENCY FOR SCIENTIFIC ORGANISATION OF NORTH-EAST
Abstract
The aim of the research is to study breeding material of black current in conditions of North-East of European part of Russia to distinguish the sources combining high productivity, large fruits, dessert taste and sustainability to bud mite and powdery mildew. The evaluation of breeding material had been held in the orchard of FSBSI FAEC of North-East (Kirov) in 2020–2024. 12 elite varieties of black currant in comparison with the check variety Vologda and a previously transmitted variety Shagane were included in the research. The most productive forms have high selffertility: 52–2-13 (the selffertility is 74.7%, the productivity is 73.8 c/ha), 36–2-13 (62.6% and 58.7 c/ha) with a reliable exceeding of the check variety Vologda (41.2 c/ha). The wide variation of productivity (V=32.5%) over the years was found during the research. The most adaptive form was 52–2-13 (V=5.9%) with the range of this feature from 71.0 – 81.0 c/ha. Seven forms, the previously transmitted variety Shagane and the check variety Vologda were distinguished in high rates (0.75–0.95) when the fertility resistance coefficient was calculated. Based on the results of study, the elite forms were allocated as genetic sources for the breeding: in combination of productivity, selffertility, large fruits, sustainability to biotic factors — 36–2-13; in combination of good taste, high content of sugars and ascorbic acid — 44–2-13, 18–1-13; in large fruits — 6–6-13, 30–13-13, 40–2-13; in sustainability to bud mite and powdery mildew — 5–1-13, 21–2-13, 17–2-13, 44–2-13, 35–1-13, 40–2-13, 30–13-13, 14–2-13. The form 52–2-13 [10–1-07 (Karachinskaya × Binar) × Arkadiya] was defined as it was prominent for high and stable productivity 73.8 c/ha and selffertility (74.7%), large berries (1.82 g), dessert taste (4.5 points), sustainability to bud mite and powdery mildew (0.5 points), the form will be delivered to the State Variety Testing.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):36-42
36-42
ACTION OF GUMITON ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTHRACNOSIS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF WHITE LUPIN PLANTS IN CONDITIONS OF BRYANSK REGION
Abstract
Gray forest soils of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia are characterized by a low level of natural fertility. The use of modern mineral and organic fertilizers can increase the content of nutrients available for plants. In modern technologies for cultivating crops, methods of processing planting (sowing material), as well as non-root treatment of vegetating plants with organomineral complexes are widely used. The biologically active substances included in their composition affect physiological processes, increase resistance to the effects of phytopathogenic micro flora. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the agrochemicals “Complex of biologically active organic-mineral Gumiton” on the productivity and damage of white lupine plants by anthracnose in the Bryansk region. The studies were conducted on gray forest lightly loamy soil under production conditions. Sheet treatment of white lupine was carried out during the Gumiton stem phase at a dose of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 l/ha. Due to the additional intake of moisture with a slight excess of air temperature, an activation of the damage of lupine beans by anthracnose was observed. Based on the presented efficacy data of the used agrochemicals, the resistance of plants to this disease increased. Minimal damage to lupine beans was noted with the use of the drug at a dose of 1.5 l/ha. The maximum efficacy under this option was noted in 2019: the damage rate decreased by 8.7% compared to the control. It was found that when treating plants with Gumiton at a dose of 1.5 l/ha, the indicators of the lupine crop structure improved: the number of beans increased by 30.3%, (2019); the number of grains and the mass of grains from the plant in 2021 increased by 29.4% and 27.5%. In 2020 and 2021, at the maximum dose of the drug, grain yield increased by 13.0% and 11.0%. In 2020 and 2021, at the maximum dose of the drug, grain yield increased by 0.28 t/ha. The research results indicate that in the production conditions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia, the use of the agrochemicals “Biologically Active Organic-Mineral Gumiton Complex” is an effective technological technique for cultivating legumes. Due to its widespread use, it is possible to increase the feed base of the enterprise.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):42-48
42-48
VARIATION OF SOYBEAN AGRONOMY PHYTOMETRIC PARAMETERS DEPENDING ON THE USE OF DISINFECTANTS
Abstract
One of the most important agrotechnical practices that contributes to achieving high crop yields is seed treatment, which enhances plant resistance to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various seed treatments on the phytometric parameters of the soybean agroecnosis and yield under the soil and environmental conditions of the foothill zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Field trials were conducted in 2021–2023 on leached chernozem soil. The objects of the study were regionally adapted soybean varieties of Russian selection, SK Optima and SK Viola, and the following seed treatments: Deposit, ME (1.0 l/t); Scarlet, ME (0.4 l/t); Oplot, VSC (0.6 l/t); and Sinclair, SC (0.6 l/t). The results demonstrated that seed treatments significantly increased leaf area, photosynthetic potential, and, consequently, yield. Treatment of soybean seeds with Deposit, ME resulted in the maximum leaf area for both SK Optima and SK Viola varieties, exceeding the control by 21.7% and 22.4%, respectively. A strong correlation was established between leaf area and yield, especially in the pod-filling and stem-branching phases (r > 0.96). Seed treatment increased the average three-year yield of SK Optima by 8.3–21.9% and SK Viola by 9.9–22.7%. Deposit, ME contributed to the highest additional seed yield: 0.42 t/ha for SK Optima and 0.46 t/ha for SK Viola. On average, over three years, the yield difference between the highest and lowest seed treatment variants was 0.26 t/ha (13.5%) for SK Optima and 0.26 t/ha (12.8%) for SK Viola, indicating significant potential for yield improvement through pre-sowing seed treatment.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):48-52
48-52
QUALITY OF SOYBEAN SEEDS WITH FOLIARY PLANTS TREATMENT WITH MINERAL FERTILIZERS
Abstract
The article presents the results of a study of the effect of foliar treatment of vegetative soybean plants with liquid mineral fertilizers containing macro- and microelements on the quality indicators of seeds in the foothill zone of Kabardino-Balkaria. The article presents the results of studies for 2020–2022 with an assessment of the dependence of the quality of soybean seeds on the elemental composition of fertilizers. An increase in protein content was shown when treating plants with Ammonium Molybdate (0.1 kg/ha) and Polydon Molybdenum (0.2 l/ha): on average, over three years, the protein content in the seeds of SK Veda increased by 3.5–5.0%, and in Rubin – by 2.6–4.3% compared to the control. Treatment of soybeans with the nutritional corrector Polydon Molybdenum in the early phase of development (primordial leaf) provided maximum protein content in seeds: 41.2% in SK Veda seeds and 35.8% in Rubin seeds. At the same time, the use of the mineral complex Polydon NPK (2 l/ha) led to a decrease in the quality of seeds of the SK Veda variety: the protein content decreased by 3.8–4.8% depending on the treatment period. Treatment with the fertilizer Polydon Bor (0.5 l/ha) also reduced the protein content, although to a lesser extent – by 1.0–2.1%. Foliar application of fertilizers containing molybdenum caused a decrease in the oil content in seeds: in the SK Veda variety – by 0.76–1.01% (with control values of 19.05%), in the Rubin variety – by 0.74–1.44% (with control values of 21.69%). It was established that the efficiency of using Polydon Molybdenum (0.2 l/ha) in increasing the proportion of protein in the total content of protein and oil is lower in the Rubin variety than in the SK Veda variety, which indicates a variety-specific reaction of plants to this type of microfertilizer.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):52-57
52-57
STUDY OF FUNGI OF THE FUSARIUM GENUS: IDENTIFICATION, TOXICITY AND IMPACT ON GRAIN
Abstract
The article presents an overview of modern studies Fusarium genus of fungi, one of the most dangerous phytopathogens in agriculture. These cosmopolitan soil microorganisms from the Ascomycota division cause serious plant diseases and produce mycotoxins, which leads to large economic losses. The main attention is paid to the species diversity of Fusarium fungi, their toxicity and impact on agricultural crops. The study of these aspects is important for minimizing crop losses, preventing accumulation of mycotoxins in products and ensuring food security. In Russia, seed, food and feed grain contamination with fungi of the Fusarium genus remains a serious phytosanitary and economic problem. Data analysis for the last decade confirms that there are no wheat varieties in the world that are resistant to these pathogens, which makes it impossible completely eliminate the accumulation of mycotoxins in grain. It has been established that mycotoxins have the ability to persist in the soil and be transferred to the phytomass of subsequent generations of agricultural crops, that causes long-term agroecological risks.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):57-65
57-65
Farming
DIFFERENTIATED APPLICATION OF AMELIORANTS IN PRECISION FARMING BASED ON INTRA-FIELD VARIABILITY OF ACIDITY OF SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL
Abstract
The research was conducted at two agricultural testing sites. Correlation analysis of soil acidity and relative altitude confirmed a significant relationship between the indicators, which indicates an indirect effect of relief on the redistribution of pHKCl. The correlation coefficient on the agro-polygon in Russia was 0.57 — a direct linear dependence, presumably caused by the close occurrence of carbonate underlying rocks, while at the experimental site in Belarus the correlation coefficient was –0.45, which means an inverse, linear relationship and is explained by anthropogenic influence, which indicates the need to take into account the terrain when determining the distribution of soil acidity. To improve the accuracy of soil acidity maps at the experimental site of the farm "Gutko", the sampling grid was crushed, which made it possible to identify the real need for liming. The residual variance in the modeling of variograms on the agro-polygon in the Russian Federation was 0%, ensuring the maximum possible consideration of the spatial distribution of acidity, in the conditions of Belarus — 29.9%, which underlines the importance of additional research to improve the accuracy of maps. The proposed method of optimizing the costs of soil liming using precision agriculture and geoinformation systems can serve as an effective tool to increase production efficiency and ensure food security. The necessity of taking into account the relief and conducting additional field studies to achieve maximum accuracy of soil acidity maps is emphasized.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):66-73
66-73
Zootechnics
ASSOCIATION OF CSN3 GENOTYPES WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVE WEIGHT IN REPLACEMENT YOUNG CATTLES OF THE KHOLMOGORSKY BREED
Abstract
The frequency of occurrence of CSN3 genotypes and their association with body weight at birth, at the age of 6, 10, 12, 18 months and at the 1st insemination in repair young animals was studied. The study showed that the frequency of occurrence of genotype CSN3AA was 53.1%, genotype CSN3AB – 35.7%, genotype CSN3BB – 11.2%. An analysis of the association of CSN3 genotypes with live weight indicators showed that despite the fact that the repair young of the Kholmogorsky CSN3AA breed had a significantly higher live weight at birth than their peers with CSN3AB, the opposite situation was subsequently observed between animals with the same genotypes in terms of live weight at the ages of 6 and 10 months. Also, a significant superiority of young CSN3BB over their peers with the CSN3AA genotype was observed in terms of weight at the age of 10, 12, 18, and at the 1st insemination. In addition, a significant superiority in the development of live weight at the time of the 1st insemination was revealed in the repair young with CSN3BB relative to the young with CSN3AB. Thus, individuals with CSN3AA gain live weight better in the prenatal period of development, taking more biological resources from maternal cows during pregnancy, and then they lose weight gain in the postnatal period to animals with CSN3AB and CSN3BB genotypes. It follows from this that young animals with the CSN3AB and CSN3BB genotypes have greater growth energy and are predisposed to faster weight gain necessary for the 1st insemination and increased productivity during the first and subsequent lactation. Thus, we conclude that the CSN3B allele has an effect on the rate of weight gain in the repair young.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):74-77
74-77
IMMUNOGENETICS — PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
Abstract
The study of the gene pool of domestic breeds and the issues of preservation of national breeding resources are currently of great importance. In this connection, the possibilities of assessing the genetic situation in the selection of the Kholmogorsk breed, one of the oldest domestic breeds of cattle with dairy productivity, are particularly relevant. At present the most accessible monitoring form is the actualised characteristic of types and herds on allelophal of blood group systems. So comparison with initial traits in already existing herds, formalises novelty, selection value of breed inbred and factory types. The article presents the methodology of establishing the genetic passport of breed affiliation in the form of a scheme, its approbation in the breeding reproducer OS 'Kotlasskaya' - branch of FGBNU 'FIC potato named after A.G. Lorkh'. The importance in determining the status of breeding animals of the Holmogorsk breed of cattle for the purposes of registration in the federal state information-analytical system of breeding resources of the Russian Federation was noted. The results of immunogenetic testing for the reliability of origin of cattle in the controlled breeding reproducer for the last 5 years showed that the total number of tested for reliability of origin was 740 heads. It was found that the percentage of reliability in genotyped herd stock ranged from 96.5% (2022) to 99.3% (2020). For approbation of the methodology of establishing the genetic passport of breeding animals of the breed with bloodlines up to 75% Holstein, allowed for breeding purposes when working with Kholmogorsk cattle, we carried out the corresponding immunogenetic testing. Immunogenetic testing of breeding animals of the farm revealed 38 alleles of EAB locus, including 19 alleles with frequency higher than 1%. At the same time, the total frequency of EAB locus alleles in animals of groups 1–2 (with specific (or typical) for the Kholmogorsk cattle breed and with unique alleles) was 76.67%. Accordingly, in group 3 of controlled animals (with alleles of the approved Holstein breed of cattle), the total frequency was found to be 23.24%. Whereas in group 4, which included animals with alleles of non-admitted breeds — 0.09%. It was also found that the concentration of alleles in animals of the Holmogorsk breed G2O2, B2G2KA'B'G'O'G', B2F'2G', B2I2, B2O2Y2D' is extremely low, they are found only in some individuals. We found the degree of homozygosity (theoretical) at 6.9%, and the number of effective alleles, respectively, at 14.5. The coefficient of genetic similarity between fixed bulls-producers and breeding stock in the farm was 0.654.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):77-82
77-82
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF SYCHEVSKAYA AND RELATED BREEDS BY EAB-LOCUS ALLELES
Abstract
The article presents the results of immunogenetic monitoring of the cattle of Sychevka breed, analyzes the similarity with the Red-and-White and Holstein breeds, using alleles of the EAB locus of blood groups as genetic markers. The research was conducted in breeding farms for the Sychevka (n=7602 head), Holstein (7689 head) cattle breeds of the Smolensk region from 1980 to 2025. A change in the structure of the allele pool of the Sychevka breed under the influence of the improving Holstein breed with the introduction of new EAB alleles has been established: B2O1, B2O1Y2, B2O1Y2D', E'3G'', Y1A'1, E'3G'G'', D'E'3F'2G'O'G'', G2Y1D', O1A'1, O2A'2J'2K'O'. The coefficient of genetic similarity (R) between cows born in 1980–1985 and in 2015–2020 is 0.58. The similarity with the Holstein breed for 18 identical EAB alleles was 0.55. The most common (4.0 – 16%) animals in both breeds are carriers of 5 marker alleles: GYE'/Q', b, YA'/VY, E'/G'G'', Q', with a frequency of 0.444 in Sychevka cows and 0.390 in Holstein cows. Animals the breed of Sychevka, compared with the related red-mottled breed, have a lower index of hereditary variability of 69 EAB alleles, 97 in the red–mottled breed, and a higher level of homozygosity – 6.4 versus 3.4. Markers B1I1Q, B2G2O1Y2D'E'2G'', I1Y2I', O1I'Q', specific for Sychevka cattle have not been identified in animals of the Red-and-White breed. The BI1, B2O3Y2A'2E'3G'P'Q'G'', A'1I'' alleles, characteristic of the Red-and-White breed in the breed of Sychevka animal population have not been established. The coefficient of genetic similarity (R) between the breeds is 0.63 and confirms their family relations. The obtained research results can be used in breeding of the cattle of Sychevka breed to increase productivity and preserve it’s the gene pool.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):82-87
82-87
Processes & Machines of Agroengineer Systems
STUDY OF DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND AERODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN SEEDS AND STRAW IMPURITIES TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF COMBINE GRAIN CLEANING
Abstract
This article examines the study of the dimensional characteristics and aerodynamic properties of soy grains and straw impurities, which is important for optimizing the purification processes at harvesters. It has been established that soy plants and grain differ significantly from colossal crops, which necessitates a deeper study of the technological properties of small soy pile coming for purification. It is shown that for effective separation of these components by air purification, it is important to take into account the size and sailability of the particles of the mixture. The dimensional characteristics of the whole and crushed soybean grain, as well as straw impurities, are presented in the form of variation curves demonstrating the stability of these features. As a result of studies, it is determined that the straw impurities have a critical speed of 2–8 m/s, which makes it difficult to separate them from soy grain, since these parameters overlap. At the same time, it is proposed to use the difference in critical speeds between whole and crushed soybean grain for double-threaded processing of combine harvesters, which allows to significantly increasing the separation efficiency, releasing up to 95% of crushed grain and completely removing straw impurities. Aerodynamic studies using the example of the first seed fractional flow showed that the inclined air flow generated by the combine fan can effectively separate from the seed fraction more than 66% of crushed grain and 84% of straw impurities. The results of this study contribute to improving the quality of seeds and the efficiency of soybean harvesting processes.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):88-93
88-93
NATURE-LIKE INSTALLATION ULPOS-01 FOR PRE-SOWING TREATMENT AND SORTING OF SEEDS
Abstract
The article describes the setup created by the authors for pre-sowing seed treatment using laser irradiation and simultaneous sorting. The problem of increasing the yield of grain and other crops without reducing quality is one of the main tasks of agricultural science. The nature-like setup ULPOS-1 is designed for high-quality seed irradiation. Irradiation with coherent monochromatic laser irradiation in the red region of the spectrum in combination with a polarized light flux is promising for improving the culture of agriculture. The ULPOS-01 setup provides irradiation of tubers, seeds, root crops, vegetable seedlings and fruit crop seedlings, cuttings and other objects. After using the ULPOS-01 setup, the previously obtained results were confirmed for agricultural crops. Tests allowed us to determine its efficiency indicators (wheat, soybeans): germination increased by 10...12%; germination time in field conditions decreased by 2–3 days; the yield increased by 2–3 c/ha; ripening accelerated, the percentage of frost-damaged soybeans decreased.
Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science. 2025;(4):94-96
94-96