No 1 (2024)

The article examines the process of formation and development of scientific agroengineering schools and their role in the creation of mechanization and electrification of agriculture in Russia in 1920–2023. The logic of the conducted research required the definition of time periods (pre-war 1920–1940); (post-war 1945–1990); (present 1991–2023). In the pre-war period, a powerful foundation and foundations for the development of agroengineering science were laid. The development and implementation of agricultural machinery has come to the fore. The post-war period is characterized by the rapid development of all spheres of agricultural mechanization and agricultural engineering; the creation of new agricultural machinery, the development of research methods, new more efficient design technologies, the consolidation of efforts of representatives of agroengineering science, testers and manufacturers of equipment. In the early 1990s, a significant reorganization was carried out in the engineering and technical sphere of the Russian agro-industrial complex. he Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been established. In October 2013, as part of the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the State Academies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Agricultural Academy of the Russian Academy of Sciences merged. In 2016, the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations set a course to streamline the network of subordinate scientific organizations, create institutes and federal research centers based on similar topics. The followers of Academician V. P. Goryachkin work in these scientific institutes and centers. They develop the great scientific heritage left by him and, using the best domestic traditions, raise agroengineering science to a higher level.

Aim of the investigations was to reveal changers in soil fertility and yield of main crops in a grain-arable crop rotation with fertilizer effect in 1^st rotation (short -term application) and 10^th rotation (long-term application) under conditions of the Central Black-Earth Region. The work was performed in a long-term field experiment using low-humic leached chernozem under conditions of Voronezh region. The data of 1936–1945 (1^st crop rotation) and 2018–2022 (10^th rotation) years were analyzed. The experiment scheme including saturation of 1 ha of arable land with fertilizers: without fertilizers, N₁₀P₁₀K₁₀ + 2.8 t/ha of manure, N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ + 2.8 t/ha of manure, N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ + 2.8 т t/ha of manure, and N₁₀P₁₀K₁₀ + 5.6 t/ha of manure. Change of soil fertility in the layer of 0–20 cm from 1 to 10 rotation under influence of fertilizers appeared as increase of hydrolytic acidity (by 5.26… 83.3 %), exchange K₂O content (by 18.9…74.4 %), cation exchange capacity (by 27.8…35.7 %) and mobile P₂O₅ (by 7.81…9.00 %) (when using N₂₀P₂₀K₂₀ + 2,8 t/ha of manure and N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ + 2,8 t/ha of manure); also, decrease of humus content by 0.41…0.73 %, N-NO₃ by 25.3…47.7 % and P₂O₅ by 13.3–31.6 % in the control and in the variants with N₁₀P₁₀K₁₀ + 2.8 or 5.6 t/ha of manure was noted. Long-term application of fertilizers in a crop rotation improved grain yield of barley by 11.3…50.1 %, oats by 4.0…51.2 %, winter wheat by13.4…30.6 % and sugar beet roots by 15.0…36.7 %, and reduced green mass of a clover 6.1…23.0 %. But, in addition, it increased by-products’ yield of each crop by 6.1…23.0 %. Productivity of the fertilized arable land per 1 ha increased by 3.30…18.3 % from 1^st to 10^th rotation (minus yield improvement by 0.96 thousand grain units/ha due to cultivation of more productive modern varieties). Long-term application of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ + 2.8 т t/ha of manure ensured the greatest level of crop rotation soil fertility and productivity. This was achieved by twice-repeated application of N₁₃₅P₁₃₅K₁₃₅ for sugar beet and one application of 25 t/ha of manure in fallow during 9-field crop rotation.

The work was carried out at the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the North-East in 2020–2022. More than 140 domestic varieties of winter rye were studied under conditions of Kirov region on provocative-infectious background of snow mold, powdery mildew, brown and stem rust, septoriosis, root rot, ergot. Commonly known methods were used to account for diseases. During the plant ontogenesis (from phase 31 to 85 on Zadoks scale), we analyzed the growth of fungal infection in the variety biocenoses. The nature of plant-microbe interactions and resistance parameters were evaluated according to two indicators PKRB (area under the disease development curve) and IS (resistance index). We identified 28 sortes characterized by nonspecific resistance to two or more diseases and slow (slow rusting) growth of infection in varietal biocenoses. Among them: Lika, Harmonia, Symphony, Perepel, Graphite, Graphite FP, Era, Eureka, Vikras, Amber, Chusovaya, Saratovskaya 7, etc. They can be used in breeding for phytoimmunity as sources. The highest yielding (840–1060 g/m²) among them are: Batiste, Dymka, Perepel, Lika, Symphony, Kiprez, Grafit FP, Flora, Eureka, Dana, Marusenka, Era, Saratovskaya 7, Chusovaya. The correlation coefficient (r) between the yield and regrowth after snow mold lesions varies from 0.49 (2022) to 0.87 (2020), which confirms the high harmfulness of this disease in the region. Rada, Kiprez, Flora, Lika, Batiste, Harmony, Symphony, Chusovaya can be of certain immunological value in breeding for ergot resistance, as they were much less affected by ergot than the standard and other varieties. The regression equations are linear (R² = 0,96–0,99) and show a daily increase of brown rust (from 5,4 to 16,4 %) and stem rust (from 4,7 to 26,5 %).

The study was conducted in 2019–2023 in the Omsk region in order to assess the feed and seed productivity of varieties of bonfire awnless selected of the Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center and the selection of the most promising material from the studied material for further use in breeding work. The material was varieties SibNIISHoz-189 (standard), SibNIISHoz-88, Titan, SibNIISHoz-99, Elbrus and Effect. Three cycles were carried out: summer sowing in 2019, 2020 and 2021, accounting years, respectively, 2020–2021; 2021–2022 and 2022–2023. During the experiments, the yield of green mass and absolutely dry matter, seed productivity were evaluated, biochemical analyses of the green mass of varieties were carried out to determine the content of the mass fraction of protein and fiber. In all years of the research, during the growing season, increased air temperature was noted, exceeding the long-term average data by 1.6…1.8 ºС and a large deficit of precipitation. The GTC values by year were: 2020–0.60; 2021–0.56; 2022–1.02; 2023–0.85, with the optimal –1.13. On average, over 3 cycles of research, a significant excess over the standard was characterized by: in terms of green mass yield – varieties SibNIISKhoz-88 and SibNIISKhoz-99 (9.6 and 7.3 % of st.); in terms of absolutely dry matter yield – SibNIISKhoz-88, SibNIISKhoz-99, Titan and Effect (7.8…11.1 % to st.); in terms of seed yield – SibNIISKhoz-99, Elbrus, Effect and Titan (16.5…22.8 % to st.). The mass fraction of protein in the green mass of the Effect variety, on average, over 3 evaluation cycles significantly exceeded the standard by 0.8 %, while the fiber content was at the standard level.

The research aimed to study the enzymatic activity of grey forest soil (GF) and grey forest soil with a second humic horizon (GF SHH) depending on fertilizer systems in agricultural landscapes in the Vladimir region. The work was carried out in 2021–2023 in a stationary field experiment on two soil varieties. The following backgrounds for intensifying the use of fertilizers were studied (for rotation of a 6-field crop rotation): zero (Z) – manure 40 t/ha; intensive (I) – manure 40 t/ha + N₁₀₀Р₈₀К₁₆₀; intense mineral (IM) – N₃₅₀P₂₂₀K₃₉₀; high-intensity mineral (HIM) – N₄₈₀P₂₈₀K₅₇₅; intensive organomineral (IOM) – N₃₁₀P₁₅₀K₃₁₀ + manure 60 t/ha; high-intensity organomineral (VIOM) – N₄₃₀P₁₆₀K₃₆₀ + manure 80 t/ha. Against the studied backgrounds of fertilizer use in the GF SHH, a stable trend of increasing the activity of catalase and invertase was revealed. The average activity of catalase in the soil of the second humus horizon was 23 % higher than in the GF, at the same depth (20–40 cm). The maximum catalase activity in the experiment was observed against an intense background (I) in the GF SHH: layer 0–20 cm – 2.41 ml O₂/g; 20–40 cm – 1.96 ml O₂/g. Invertase activity in soil with a second humus horizon at a depth of 20–40 cm is on average 30 % higher than in grey forest soil. The highest value of this indicator was observed in the soil of two soil phases against an intense background in the 0–20 cm layer – 3.50–3.55 mg of glucose/g in 40 hours. The average humus content in the second humus horizon GF SHH was at level 3,76 %, which was 33 % higher than in GF in a layer of 20–40 cm. The maximum value of this indicator in the experiment (layer 0–40 cm) was observed in GF SHH against the intensive background of fertilizer use – 4.86 %.

The coat color of horses is of considerable interest due to its aesthetic appeal and significance in breed identification. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying coat color variation is important for horse breeders and geneticists. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of polymorphism of the MC1R and ASIP genes on the coat color of Kabardian horses, a unique domestic breed. The proposal is not agreed upon, the idea is not clear. Why was the research done? Based on the results of genotyping 127 horses of the Kabardian breed using the MC1R and ASIP genes, the frequencies of various alleles and genotypes on which the color of the animals depends were determined. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between them. Kabardian horses are characterized by a wide range of colors, including karak, black, bay, dark bay and gray. The majority of the horses studied (96.9 %) were found to have a dominant allele E of the MC1R gene, associated with the synthesis of eumelanin and darker coat color. The frequency of the A/A genotype of the ASIP gene increased as the coat color lightened: black – 0.0 %, karak – 9.5 %, dark bay – 56.6 %, bay – 84.8 %. The frequency of the mutant allele a was 0.280. In general, it contributed to the formation of black coat color in Kabardian horses. The results of the study provide insight into the relationship of the MC1R and ASIP genes with the formation of coat colors in Kabardian horses. These results have practical implications for horse breeders when selecting individuals for crossbreeding and contribute to the understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying variation in coat color within horse populations.

The research was aimed at developing a conceptual model of digital nitrogen management in crops. Cognitive analysis of the knowledge structure in this subject area, conceptual modeling of digital nitrogen management in agrophytocenoses using object-oriented approach and Unified Modeling Language (UML) were used. A detailed system of diagrams was created, encompassing class, process, and interaction diagrams. The model is anchored on three abstract objects: class (7 in total), attribute (32), and inter-class relationships (18), which distribute the main concepts, emphasizing the complexity and multifaceted approaches to digital nitrogen management. The central class is «Agrophytocenosis», which directly interacts with 5 classes and indirectly with 1 class. Attributes are integral to the classes and reflect their specific characteristics. To depict the interaction between the classes and their attributes, four types of relationships are employed in the model: «dependency», «association», «aggregation», and «inner class». In the process diagram of the digital nitrogen management system, two primary subsystems are highlighted: the analysis and planning subsystem and the adjustment subsystem, as well as tools and sources for data acquisition and processing. A distinctive feature of the developed conceptual model is the application of the temporality principle, integrating static and dynamic processes in the digital nitrogen management system within the agrophytocenosis.Subsystems for analysis, planning and adjustment of emerging conditions in the management areas allow ensuring more efficient use of nitrogen fertilizers in crops.The conceptual model is aimed at developing a hardware-software complex for diagnostics of nitrogen nutrition of cultivated plants and management of fertilizer application based on modern digital monitoring and data processing tools.