Nº 4 (2020)

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Medieval and Modern history

THE STRENGTH OF THE MILITARY SERVICE CLASS OF THE KABARDA IN THE ERA MATURITY OF TRADITIONAL SOCIETY (16th-18th CENTURIES)

KOZHEV Z.

Resumo

Various aspects of the military history and military culture of the Circassians in the European Late Middle Ages and early Modern times which coincided with the maturity of Kabardian feudalism, is the traditional theme of Russian Caucasian studies. Despite this, even on basic issues, which include the estimation of the number of the military-service class in Kabarda, there is no scientific consensus in Adyge studies. This is due, firstly, to the lack of documentary material on the early periods of the history of the Circassian principalities, and secondly, to the uncritical and abundant citation of written narrative sources of the 17th-18th centuries with the simultaneous extrapolation of their data to the entire Middle Ages. Without reaching a consensus on this issue, it is impossible to determine the general demographic parameters of Circassia’s princely possessions (size and internal structure of the population, etc.) during their heyday. And without this, it is impossible to adequately typologize the polities of the Western Caucasus and assess the complex demographic and socio-cultural processes that took place in the region throughout the entire period from the 16th century up to the end of the Caucasian War. A few, but rather detailed written sources on the number of the military-service class in various feudal estates of Kabarda have been found since the 40s of the 17th century. They correlate with a large framework of later archival and narrative sources of the 17th-18th centuries and make it possible to determine the mobilization resource and the total number of the military-service class of Kabarda in the period of the Late Middle Ages and in the modern times with sufficient precision.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):12-26
pages 12-26 views

A.I. ALIEVA’S MATERIALS ON SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION OF THE ADYGHE ENLIGHTENER SH.B. NOGMOV AND ACADEMICIAN A.M. SJÖGREN

DZAMIKHOV K., VARIVODA N.

Resumo

The authors of the article believe that since the 1990s one may speak about Nogmov’ studies as an independent direction of the Adyghe historiography. The article summarizes the main results of the development of this direction, which make it possible to approach a generalized assessment of the role of Sh.B. Nogmov as an outstanding scientist and educator, the founder of historical and philological science in Kabardino-Balkaria. However, it cannot be said that the multifaceted activity of the Adyghe educator has been studied in all details, fully revealing his place in the North Caucasian historical and cultural process. In the appendix to the article, the authors publish letters to Sh.B. Nogmov to his mentor and scientific adviser, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.M. Sjögren. They were extracted from the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of Finland (Helsinki) by the famous Russian philologist, chief researcher at the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philology A.I. Aliyeva. She has kindly provided the authors with copies of the original letters with permission to publish them.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):27-68
pages 27-68 views

ZEMSTVO QUESTION IN PUBLIC-STATE INTERACTION IN THE CAUCASUS IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY

PRASOLOV D.

Resumo

On the example of public-state interaction on the problem of the establishment of zemstvo self-government in the Caucasus the formation and functioning of the public sphere in the South of Russia, included in the all-Russian space of public opinion, is considered. At the end of the 19th century the regional zemstvo movement manifested itself in the form of public discussions of the models of expected transformations. To the north and to the south of the Caucasus range this process took place rather separately. Thus the all-Russian zemstvo tradition served as a model, but the Caucasian figures repeatedly declared the necessity of taking into account the specificity and local traditions of public self-organization. With the restoration of the Caucasian Viceroyalty in 1905 the Zemstvo question began to be discussed in an organized dialogue with the authorities from above, reaching the level of the Council of Ministers and the State Duma. The study identifies the main stages, directions and forms of representation of the ideas of the introduction of zemstvo institutions in the Caucasus region. It reveals a significant influence of regional journalism on the formulation, discussion and public control of zemstvo initiatives, which were largely made possible with the assistance of the Caucasian viceroyalty, which sought greater autonomy from the capital authorities. However, the regional public sought more than the imperial administration in the Caucasus was capable of organizing in the socio-political conditions of the early 20th century. Without achieving the establishment of zemstvos, the participants of the zemstvo movement in the Caucasus carried out considerable zemstvo work: from the analysis of the socio-economic situation based on considerable statistical and research work to project planning, contributing by their activity to the formation of the main features of the public sphere as an open sphere of rational-critical debates around public problems. However, forming the primary parameters of civil society and modern public consciousness, overcoming the corporate framework and elaborating the bases of ethno-political ideologies, the public of different territories of the Caucasian Region were more and more settling in the regional understandings of their zemstvo needs, which in all contradiction of creative and destructive power showed itself in the public policy under the influence of the Revolution of 1917.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):69-94
pages 69-94 views

Recent history

ACCUMULATION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ON THE HYDROPOWER RESOURCES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS AND FIRST STEPS TOWARDS THEIR IMPLEMENTATION

GURTUEV R., KUZ’MINOV P.

Resumo

The Russian State Electrification Plan, which is celebrating its centenary this year, has become the basis for Russia's fundamental economic modernization, which has been carried out in an extremely short period of time by historical standards. Today, when many researchers are looking for the true authors of the country's electrification plans respectively assessing the contribution of the Tsarist and Bolshevik governments to its preparation, and often giving these disputes an ideological coloring; the authors of this article prove the absolute continuity of electrification plans using the example of the Caucasus region. Moreover, sources show that the creators of almost all the technical projects and plans – both in Tsarist and Soviet times – were the same people – major scientists, energy engineers, who were actively involved in the development of the GOELRO plan.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):95-106
pages 95-106 views

PRIORITY AREAS OF THE USSR STATE NATIONAL POLICY IN THE 1960s – 1980s

BUGAY N.

Resumo

The article examines the problems of the implementation of state ethnic policy in one of the most difficult periods of Soviet history. It was in the 1960s and 1980s that difficulties in interaction between the center and the national regions of the country manifested themselves, and the impact of the consequences of the prevalence of the personified factor in national politics was felt. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of events on the territory of the North Caucasus region, where the specificity of the national policy was clearly manifested, expressed in the nature of the measures carried out by the center in this area. There was a process of developing new social technologies for its implementation in order to harmonize interethnic relations. Social issues related to the correction of mistakes of the past, first of all, the consequences of forced relocations of ethnic groups of the population and entire peoples, have acquired priority importance. This violated, in particular, the foundations of nation-building worked out by the peoples’ creativity. During the period under study, the forms and methods of interaction of citizens with the bodies of party and Soviet power changed significantly, the political system was improved. The state of the economic sector of the nation has become an independent factor influencing the social and political life of the multinational community. The lessons of ideological and political work on the solution of such a cardinal task as the formation of the “Soviet people” community require a new understanding. This concept reflected not only the ideological and political conjuncture of the early 1970s, in fact it took half a century of development to make possible official statement of its implementation. At the same time, during this period, the dynamism of the reforms that was observed in this sphere of social life in the 1920s was lost, and the established "model" of its development was losing its significance. Society felt the need to modernize many aspects of the sphere of interethnic relations. An example of the implementation of these measures was the North Caucasian region (restoration of national state formations, solution of territorial problems, improvement of the management system, implementation of a set of measures to implement new social technologies to manage national processes, appeal to the positive practices of the past in the implementation of transformations, consolidation of citizens based on constructive tasks). By no means all plans for the development of Soviet society were implemented during the period under review, which to a certain extent explains its further fate.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):107-136
pages 107-136 views

TWENTIETH CENTURY IN THE DESTINIES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS INTELLIGENTSIA: I.M. SHAKOV AND HIS DESCENDANTS

BABICH I., STRAYHORN C.

Resumo

This article represents the study of the destinies of several generations one of of one of the Kabardian families, Shakov on the basis of two types of sources – state and private archives in France and the Shakov-Strayhorn’ family archive. One of the well-known persons among Adyg’s intelligentsia – doctor Izmail Magometovich Shakov was born in 1878 in Kabarda. He had an excellent career in the Russian Empire. He received a higher medical education, had a medical practice and founded his own clinic in Grozny. He got married, the family had three children. The 1917 revolution changed his life in many ways. He was forced to emigrate with his family to France. The article analyzes the professional and socio-political life of Izmail Shakov in exile, describes his family life in Grozny, Nalchik and Paris. Separately, the authors examine Shakov's social circles in Paris (Muslim, Russian and Caucasian). A granddaughter Fatima was born in Paris, who married an American. The couple moved to the United States where for permanent residence. Since that time, a new page in the life of the Shakovs begins. The great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren of the Shakovs, who were born in the United States became Americans. The descendants have lost their Kabardian roots and national and religious identity. The authors analyze the reasons for the current situation.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):137-158
pages 137-158 views

A MAN IN THE CONTEXT OF AN ERA: MILESTONES IN THE PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OF M.Kh. GERANDOKOV

KHUBIYEV B., MAMSIROV K.

Resumo

The authors of this article aim to highlight the main milestones in the life and scientific activities of M.Kh. Gerandokov, a scientist, statesman and public figure in the light of socio-cultural trends of the second half of the XX – early XXI centuries. His education, becoming as a person and professional activity in a sense serve as a mirror of the Soviet Cultural Revolution, as it took place in the North Caucasus. He quite successfully fit into the Soviet social and ideological system and received recognition from the state as an effective leader. In every professional area and at every stage of his career M.Kh. Gerandokov combined practical activity with intellectual search, the desire to embrace the broader historical, social and cultural significance of the particular industry in which he worked. This allows us to characterize him not only as a Soviet employee, professional, leader, but as an intellectual and intellectual in the sense that this concept has acquired in Russian culture. It was just natural that M.Kh. Gerandokov entered into scientific field. The subject of his research was the substantive and organizational aspect of the evolution of the national cultures of the peoples of the North Caucasus in the XX century. The breadth of his view of socio-historical processes acquired in this way gave him the opportunity to respond to the worldview crisis associated with the collapse of the Soviet socio-ideological system with personal intellectual restructuring, in which he detained the dialectic of the national and international, local and universal cultural phenomena, which was always at the center his attention.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):159-177
pages 159-177 views

Ethnology, anthropology and ethnography

NEW SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCES ABOUT THE DZHINAL GROTTO IN THE UPPER VALLEY OF THE YUTSA RIVER IN THE VICINITY OF KISLOVODSK

FOMENKO V., YANOVSKIY V.

Resumo

In the proposed article are published new scientific evidences on a unique historical place – Dzhinal grotto, which is situated in the highlands, difficult to pass, near the Kislovodsk in the western part of administrative boundary between Stavropol Area and Kabardin-Balkar Republic. The grotto was known to local historians from the 1970s. In 1983 was published the first short scientific description of Dzhinal grotto. On August 30, 2020 one of two authors of this article visited this historical place and made photographic recording of current condition of the Dzhinal grotto. These photographic and other materials along with previous articles became the base of this scientific publication. Old-time tamgas and petroglyphs  charaterized in this article. Also provides information about collection of tamgas of the 18-19th centuries. Provides characteristic of ethnic composition of Yutsa valley population at the end of the XVIIIth – the first half of the 19th century. As a result of the research, the authors  concluded that Dzhinal grotto earlier than the beginning or the middle of the 19th century was used as a sanctuary, by the kabardian and abaza inhabitants of Yutsa valley. This sacred place, probably, was associated with a pagan rituals and cults  of cattle breeding, fertility and hunting.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):178-191
pages 178-191 views

TRADITIONAL STANDING OF YOUTH IN KABARDINO-BALKARIA AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS AND CULTURAL AND IDEOLOGICAL FACTORS

NALCHIKOVA E., MASHUKOV K.

Resumo

The focus of the paper is far beyond committing various transformations of youth roles and statues over the last two centuries on paper; on the contrary, it demonstrates robust comprehension of their inevitability and provides an explanation for specific circumstances, in which mental and historic experience occur and reorientate. Having analysed various viewpoints on regional youth as a social and demographic group, authors scrutinized it from a variety of perspectives. The research is based on gender methodology, which illuminated difference behavioural patterns and attitudes for youth in both traditional and modern societies. Chronological approach shed the light on metamorphoses within a historical context. Extensive use of statistics, empirical data, and sociological surveys shape the practical utility of the study. The Soviet and post-Soviet periods in Kabardino-Balkaria witnessed a major transformation in youth daily routines, including religion, family life, etc. Provided that religious factor has taken a key role at the stage, analysis of contemporary youth status in KBR accentuates “Islamic resurrection” and its cultural reassertion.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):192-204
pages 192-204 views

Проблемы современного общества и экономики

COMMEMORATIVE PRACTICES IN THE PUBLIC AND POLITICAL LIFE OF THE KABARDINO-BALKAR REPUBLIC

ATLASKIROV A.

Resumo

One of the most significant places in the social and political life of modern Russia is occupied by the politics of historical memory. After the unsuccessful attempts of the "new" Russian elite in the 90s of the 20th century to integrate the country into the culture and history of Europe, having reshaped the country on the model of Western countries, the demand for an independent path of development has matured in society. In the high echelons of power, there is an awareness of the need to consolidate society by promoting among the masses the idea of a single historical destiny of the country's peoples. Under these conditions, in all regions of the country, including Kabardino-Balkaria, the activities of state and public organizations have intensified in the direction of creating new and popularizing existing all-Russian commemorative practices designed to unite the country around a common historical memory. In the course of the study, the commemorative practices of Kabardino-Balkaria were divided into several main groups: national, republican, ethnic, religious, and commemoration of global culture. It was also revealed that globalization processes have a significant impact on the formation of commemorative practices in the republic especially among the youth. The greatest conflict potential is possessed by the ethno-national commemorative practices connected with historical experience of the titular peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):205-228
pages 205-228 views

THE EXPOSING MEANS OF CONTRADICTORY SEMANTICS IN THE DERIVATIVE ANTHONYMS (IN THE KABARDIAN-CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE)

KUMYKOVA D., KUMYKOVA (GUCHAPSHEVA) E.

Resumo

The article is devoted to the study of the most productive ways of actualizing the semantics of contradictory oppositeness in the derivative nominal antonyms in the Kabardian - Circassian language. The relevance of this research is presupposed by growing scientific interest to the study of characteristics of linguistic universals, and in particular, the word-formation means of expressing the semantics of oppositeness in a definite language for the purposes of further comparative-typological description of antonyms, identifying the general and specific in the methods and models of their meaning designation. The analysis of the factual material has revealed that the explicants of the semantics of the contradictory opposition, which is actualized by derivative nominal and adverbial antonyms more often than other types of oppositional relations, prove to be affix markers of negation, among which the suffixal modes (with the exception of the ambifixal formant мы-) are the most productive, while in other languages, for example, in Russian, prepositive derivational are also widely represented. The results of the investigation prove important not only for compiling complete inventory of derivational means of creating antonymy in the Kabardian-Circassian language, but also for solving the issue of antonymy boundaries, and can also be used for further multidimensional study of this phenomenon both in Kabardino-Circassian and other languages.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):229-239
pages 229-239 views

Фольклористика

TYPOLOGY OF PLOTS ABOUT NART TOTRESH IN THE ADYGHE EPIC

BUKHUROV M.

Resumo

In the Adyghe epics, the image of the Nart hero Totresh is considered most often in connection with the legend of his duel with the Nart Sosruko. For this reason, he appears to be a character either unambiguously negative, or not definite in terms of evaluation. This impression cannot be dispelled by another epic work, "The Song of the Mighty Narts", in which this hero appears as one of the defenders of the Nart region. Meanwhile, this image is presented in a number of epic legends of the Adygs, and not always in a negative light, although researchers until now have not paid sufficient attention either to this circumstance, or to the hero himself. In this regard, of particular interest are two poetic legends-pshinatls "A lone rider frightening the army" and "Totresh's forked spear", which are brought into consideration for the first time. This circumstance determines the relevance of the topic of this article. The purpose of the study is to give as complete an analytical description of the plot and the main motives of the legends about Totresh as possible, in connection with which, throughout the entire work, the author's focus remains on the analysis of the features of the genesis, evolution and transformation of the main plot-forming elements, the ways of penetration of folklore universals in the noted legends are traced and the types of motives and plots are determined in accordance with the existing indexes (AT, SUS, etc.). Based on the analysis carried out, it is concluded that most of the stories about this character were finally formed at the final stage of the productive period of the Nart epic as a result of the interaction of multi-stage components, which is confirmed by the presence in them of plot-forming motives based on archaic ideas (snake fighting, a fight between a father and a son or a close relative , "Cultural feats", etc.), and motives of a later origin (protection of their land, the cult of strength and nobility and other features of the ideal medieval knight.). The staged position of the artistic image was reflected in its typology and poetic language of legends. The observations made allow us to consider Totresh one of the heroes, whose image is the result of the logical completion of the types of key characters in the archaic epic of the Adygs.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):240-258
pages 240-258 views

KARAChAEVO-BALKARSKIE POSLOVITsY I POGOVORKI: K PROBLEME ZhANROVOGO RAZGRANIChENIYa

GULIEVA (ZANUKOEVA) F.

Resumo

The article aims to highlight one of the aspects of the problem of genre classification of Karachay-Balkar folklore. The object of study in this work is proverbs and sayings. Despite the fact, that these are two different genres of oral literature, in most of collections they are given in a single array. They are not differentiated in the main part of the scientific research of folklorists. In the same works, whose authors make an attempt to separate proverbs from sayings (T.Sh. Bittirova), criteria, proposed for this, seem insufficient. Since paremias are also included in the sphere of interests of linguistics as part of the lexical fund of the language, for the optimal solution of indicated problem, we can resort to the experience of domestic, including Karachay-Balkar, linguists. Certain difficulties in this process arise due to the presence of genetic connection, similarity of content of works of the genres under consideration, as well as the ability of a number of proverbs and sayings to pass into each other by a slight change in form. The study revealed complexity and ambiguity of the problem of classification of paremias. Nevertheless, subject to the application of an appropriate set of criteria, developed on the basis of the works of folklorists and linguists, such a distinction is still possible.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):259-270
pages 259-270 views

Literature of the peoples of the Russian Federation (literature of the peoples of the North Caucasus)

ASPECTS OF PERCEPTION AND EVALUATION OF ADAB LITERATURE OF ADYGHE EDUCATORS (BASED ON THE WORK OF A.G. DYMOV)

KAZHAROVA I.

Resumo

In this article, based on the material of A. G. Dymov's creative work, some aspects characteristic of the research interpretation of the literature of the adab of the Adyghe enlighteners are revealed. The article considers a number of provisions that were fixed in the fundamental literary works devoted to the progressive trends of confessional education in Kabarda at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The degree of correspondence of the concept «adab» to works written by confessionally educated figures of Adyghe culture is established. The article deals with the problem of interpretative limits in literary studies recognized as key for the designated period, and discusses ways to present the works of Adyghe «Arabists» in modern publications: collections and anthologies. The connection between the methods of presentation of the material and the peculiarities of its perception is traced. In order to provide a more accurate and complete scientific understanding of the works under study, the author proves the need to take into account the ideological context of Islamic reformism. In the course of comparing the methods of presentation Of adab by A. G. Dymov in two anthological publications, a rearrangement of semantic accents is revealed, which turns out to be inevitable when reading the «truncated» version of this work. Attention to episodes caused by interpretative limits is important insofar as it involves the need to restore semantic links that could not be represented at the time.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):271-283
pages 271-283 views

TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN ISSA BOTASHEV'S CREATIVE WORKS

SARBASHEVA А.

Resumo

The article examines the works of the Balkar writer, patriarch of stage literature Issa Botashev (1925-1991). Research attention is focused on the dramatic works of the artist of the word ("Dawn in the Mountains", "The Fate of Soltan", "Abrek", "At Dawn", "The Feat of the Mountain Woman"), since drama is central to his spiritual heritage. A special merit of the writer is that he is the founder of historical documentary drama in Balkar literature. The specificity of the dramatist's artistic understanding of the historical era, the reconstruction of past events from the point of view of aesthetic and cognitive motivations is noted. It becomes obvious From the analysis, that the author's creative attempt to overcome the stereotypical thinking that prevailed at the previous stages of the development of national literature, expressed in the alternative principle of creating characters, passion for the socio-historical background to the detriment of the study of the inner world of the characters, the cliched perception of reality, etc. tendencies (polyphonism of conflite lines, defining the moral essence of a hero in conditions of class confrontation, synthesis of documentary and fiction, updating the system of images) that characterize the originality of the writer's thinking, the depth and breadth of the author's position in solving complex aesthetic problems. The study showed that Issa Botashev made positive adjustments to the process of revival and actualization of the dramatic direction in Balkar literature in the second half of the 20th century. The main research methods are historical, biographical and typological.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):284-293
pages 284-293 views

ARTISTIC FEATURES OF BETAL KUASHEV'S POETRY: SYSTEM OF IMAGES, IDIOSTYLE, POETICS (To the 100th anniversary of the birth of the poet)

KHAVZHOKOVA L., BEYTUGANOVA F.

Resumo

The article is devoted to the study of the poetic heritage of the Kabardian poet Betal Ibragimovich Kuashev. The peculiarities of poetics and artistic-compositional organization of poems and poems by B. Kuashev has not yet become the subject of a separate study, which explains the relevance of the stated topic. For the first time, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the artistic paradigm of the poet's creativity, focusing on the system of images, metric-rhyming construction of works, genre diversity, as well as on the nationally marked idiostyle of the author. A unique and innovative for the Adyghe (Kabardino-Circassian) literature inversion syntax is investigated, which allowed the poet to reform the Kabardian verse. The main motive lines of B. Kuashev's lyric poetry and lyric-epics are considered, the types of rhymes used by him in original combinations (end rhyme + folklore, for example) are revealed. The results obtained can become a theoretical help in further research of B. Kuashev's work, as well as in the study of Adyghe poetry, in particular, lyric and lyric-epic works. They can find practical application in special courses, research works of teachers, graduate students and students.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):294-306
pages 294-306 views

CREATIVE INDIVIDUALITY OF SALIKH GURTUYEV

UZDENOVA F.

Resumo

An understanding of the creative evolution of Balkarian poet S. Gurtuev and the main stage changes in his thematic orientation and style-forming models are presented in the article. Attention is focused mainly on the worldview and civic manifestations of the author's artistic and critical consciousness, his aesthetic program. The early 1960s was an historical moment of the new options for interpreting the traditional Soviet literature's concepts. That time Gurtuev's socialist concepts and ideologemes acquired specific object content and emotiveness. The integration of the lyrical experience into the ethno-identification component of consciousness has became a feature of the poet's poetic reflection. The feeling of the homeland, the understanding of the unity with the people is also expressed in the artist's figurative system. The patriotic modality of his work is actualized in the lyrical reflection of the 20th century's events (the Great Patriotic War, the expulsion of the Balkar people (1944-1957); an anxiety for traditional ethnically-forming normals and imperatives that are not sufficiently stable in the realities of our time sounds more and more clearly at the final stages. In this regard, the appeal to the "natural symbols" in the national identity's search is manifested in the works with a nostalgic component (Tbilisian and Hungarian cycles, poems about Zelena Gur, dedication to the mother, etc.). Particular attention in the article is paid to the models of deciphering the key concepts of Gurtuev's poetics ("yellow horseman", "tree", "mountain") and their organic connection with the specifics of the ethical and aesthetic ideas of the Karachays and Balkars is revealed.

Caucasology. 2020;(4):307-319
pages 307-319 views

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