Since 2024, the journal has been published on the National Platform of Periodical Scientific Publications of the Russian Center for Scientific Research https://journals.rcsi.science/2312-6701/index
2018 ¹3
GENETICS, BREEDING, STUDY OF VARIETIES
Abstract
Krasova, N.G. (2018). Evaluation and use of apple gene pool in breeding. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 1-9. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10301 (In Russian, English abstract).
The success of breeding is largely determined by the presence, genetic diversity, correct evaluation and selection of the original genotypes, which have a high level of valuable traits and transmit these traits to offspring. The results of the long-term work at VNIISPK on the study and selection of the original apple genotypes for creation of new domestic high qualitative cultivars suitable for adaptive intensive and economically profitable orchards are given in this paper. The studies were conducted in accordance with methods of the field evaluation as well as by simulation of injuring factors according to the basic components of frost resistance. The sources of high field resistance to scab were allocated: local cultivars Bel Rozovaya, Renet Zolotoy Kursky and Renet Ukrainsky resulted from it, Korobovka; cultivars of Siberian breeding, offspring of Malus baccata: Altynay, Altayskoye Yubileynoye, Altayskaya Krasavitza, Krasnaya Gorka and Sochnoye. Digenic genotypes (Rvi6 and Rvi5) were found among new VNIISPK cultivars: Poezia (Rvi6 and Rvi5), Svezhest (Va1 and Rvi6), Zarianka, Patriot and Sokovinka (Rvi5 and Va1). Yigh winter hardiness was found in many varieties of folk selection and Urals and Siberian cultivars. Folk varieties Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Babushkino, Borovinka, Brusnichnoye, , Ivanovka, Korichnoye Polosatoye, Korobovka, Letneye Polosatoye, Skryzhapel and Urals and Siberian cultivars Bagrianka Novaya, Zaria, Medok, Solntzedar, Surpriz Altaya, Uraletz, Sharopai and Seyanetz PA-29-1-1-63 showed the stability of frost resistance in the field and at simulated freezing. Cultivars having the durable geeping quality of fruits were selected: Antey, Belorusskoye Sladkoye, Darunak, Zorka, Imant, Nadzeya, Pamyat Kovalenko, Svezhest, Ligol, Pink Lady, Breburn, Fuji, Jonagold and Honey Crisp. Apple cultivars of early summer dates of consumption having bright color of skin and dessert taste – Elena (Belarus), Geneva Early (USA), Daria (Czechia), Selesta (Germany) and Festival (Romania) are a valuable material for breeding. Cultivars-sources of uniform yellow and greenish-yellow color of fruit skin were identified: Golden Graima, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith and Renet Simirenko. The release and use of sources of valuable traits in breeding will allow creating new apple cultivars that combine high indications of adaptability with high commodity and consumer qualities of fruits at the level of world standards.
References
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Abstract
Levgerova, N.S., & Salina, E.S. (2018). Apple cultivars of VNIISPK breeding for raw orchards of juice production. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 10-17. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10302 (In Russian, English abstract).
The suitability for juice production of 27 released and 2 testing new apple cultivars of VNIISPK breeding has been studied. The following technological indicators have been analyzed: yield of juice, the content of soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, catechins in juice as well as the tasting assessment. It has been determined that new apple cultivars have higher levels of technological indicators compared to the control cultivar Antonovka Obyknovennaya. In the yield of juice the following cultivars have been marked out: Orlovskoye Polesie (70.4%), Orlovsky Pioner (70.2%), Bolotovskoye (68.5%), Rozhdestvenskoye (68.2%), Kurnakovskoye (67.3%), Zdorovie (67.4%), Zarianka (66.7%), Orlovim (66.7%) and Osipovskoye (66.4%) significantly exceeding the control (63.3%). According to the content of soluble solids, all of the cultivars can be used for juice production since they significantly exceed the control (11.2%). The highest content of soluble solids was in juice of Aleksandr Boiko (16.5%), Pamyat Hitrovo (14.0%), Yubiley Moskvy (13.9%), Stroevskoye and Kurnakovskoye (13.5%). High content of sugars was noted in the juice of Aleksandr Boiko (14.00%), Pamyat Hitrovo (12.91%), Bolotovskoye (12.41%), Osipovskoye (12.22%) and Orlovskoye Polesie (12.11%). The acidity of the juice in the majority of the cultivars was at the level or lower than the average value (0.84%). Practically all of the cultivars were inferior to the control in the juice acidity (1.12%). The most promising in the titrate acidity were Aleksandr Boiko, Bolotovskoye, Osipovskoye, Bezhin Lug, Zhilinskoye, Rozhdestvenskoye and Zarianka, in juice of which there was less than 0.80% of titrate acids. In the content of catechins, Aleksandr Boiko (136.3 mg/100 g), Pamyat Semakinu (127.9 mg/100 g) and Yubiley Moskvy (104.0 mg/100 g) were marked out. Orlovskoye Polesie, Orlovsky Pioner, Bolotovskoye, Rozhdestvenskoye, Kandil Orlovsky, Zdorovie, Kurnakovskoye, Zarianka, Orlovim, Osipovskoye and Yubilar were marked out according to a complex of technological indicators of suitability for juice production.
The suitability for juice production of 27 released and 2 testing new apple cultivars of VNIISPK breeding has been studied. The following technological indicators have been analyzed: yield of juice, the content of soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, catechins in juice as well as the tasting assessment. It has been determined that new apple cultivars have higher levels of technological indicators compared to the control cultivar Antonovka Obyknovennaya. In the yield of juice the following cultivars have been marked out: Orlovskoye Polesie (70.4%), Orlovsky Pioner (70.2%), Bolotovskoye (68.5%), Rozhdestvenskoye (68.2%), Kurnakovskoye (67.3%), Zdorovie (67.4%), Zarianka (66.7%), Orlovim (66.7%) and Osipovskoye (66.4%) significantly exceeding the control (63.3%). According to the content of soluble solids, all of the cultivars can be used for juice production since they significantly exceed the control (11.2%). The highest content of soluble solids was in juice of Aleksandr Boiko (16.5%), Pamyat Hitrovo (14.0%), Yubiley Moskvy (13.9%), Stroevskoye and Kurnakovskoye (13.5%). High content of sugars was noted in the juice of Aleksandr Boiko (14.00%), Pamyat Hitrovo (12.91%), Bolotovskoye (12.41%), Osipovskoye (12.22%) and Orlovskoye Polesie (12.11%). The acidity of the juice in the majority of the cultivars was at the level or lower than the average value (0.84%). Practically all of the cultivars were inferior to the control in the juice acidity (1.12%). The most promising in the titrate acidity were Aleksandr Boiko, Bolotovskoye, Osipovskoye, Bezhin Lug, Zhilinskoye, Rozhdestvenskoye and Zarianka, in juice of which there was less than 0.80% of titrate acids. In the content of catechins, Aleksandr Boiko (136.3 mg/100 g), Pamyat Semakinu (127.9 mg/100 g) and Yubiley Moskvy (104.0 mg/100 g) were marked out. Orlovskoye Polesie, Orlovsky Pioner, Bolotovskoye, Rozhdestvenskoye, Kandil Orlovsky, Zdorovie, Kurnakovskoye, Zarianka, Orlovim, Osipovskoye and Yubilar were marked out according to a complex of technological indicators of suitability for juice production.
References
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Abstract
Pavel, A.R., & Makarkina, M.A.(2018). Comparative evaluation of VNIISPK apple cultivars with cultivars of belorussian and ukranian breeding for pectin content if fruit. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 18-26. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10303 (In Russian, English abstract).
Pectins are organic compounds, high-molecular derivatives of colloidal carbohydrates, which are esters of methyl alcohol and polygalacturonic acid. In plants, pectin substances are most often found in fruits and berries in the form of soluble pectin, pectin acid and protopectin. Protopectin and soluble pectin, being in a mobile equilibrium, have an effect on the maturation and keeping quality of the fruit. Aqueous solutions of pectin with sugar (65—70%) in the presence of organic acids (pH 3.1—3.5) form jellies. Apple, citrus and currant pectins have good gelling properties, which is used in the processing industry. Pectins have a beneficial effect on the human body as polyelectrolytes, gelling agents and emulsifiers, which is used in medicine and pharmacology, in the treatment and prevention of heart disease, diabetes, etc. Pectins of apples have high gelling features. The quality of apple pectin fully meets the requirements of food production enterprises. In this paper is presented the comparative evaluation of the pectin content in fruit of 15 apple cultivars developed at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK), 10 cultivars of RUE “Fruit-Growing Institute” of Belorussian NAS and 2 Ukrainian cultivars Nezalezhnost and Radogost grown in conditions of the Orel region. The studies were carried out in 2010—2017 in the laboratory of biochemical and technological assessment of varieties and storage at VNIISPK. The content of pectins was determined in the unsoluble in alcohol residue by carbon colorimetric method using spectrophotometer Spekol. It was determined that the cultivars of VNIISPK breeding accumulate more pectins in fruit (10.8±0.3% per dry mass) than the Belorussian cultivars (9.4±0.5%), while the soluble pectin from the total amount was 55.3% and 44.7%, respectively. We have allocated the cultivars with content of the sum of pectins over 11.0%: Avgusta, Vavilovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Maslovskoye, Ministr Kisiliov, Orlovskaya Yesenia, Pamyaty Blynskogo and Sozvezdie of VNIISPK breeding and Darunak and Pospekh of RUE “Fruit-Growing Institute” breeding.
Pectins are organic compounds, high-molecular derivatives of colloidal carbohydrates, which are esters of methyl alcohol and polygalacturonic acid. In plants, pectin substances are most often found in fruits and berries in the form of soluble pectin, pectin acid and protopectin. Protopectin and soluble pectin, being in a mobile equilibrium, have an effect on the maturation and keeping quality of the fruit. Aqueous solutions of pectin with sugar (65—70%) in the presence of organic acids (pH 3.1—3.5) form jellies. Apple, citrus and currant pectins have good gelling properties, which is used in the processing industry. Pectins have a beneficial effect on the human body as polyelectrolytes, gelling agents and emulsifiers, which is used in medicine and pharmacology, in the treatment and prevention of heart disease, diabetes, etc. Pectins of apples have high gelling features. The quality of apple pectin fully meets the requirements of food production enterprises. In this paper is presented the comparative evaluation of the pectin content in fruit of 15 apple cultivars developed at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK), 10 cultivars of RUE “Fruit-Growing Institute” of Belorussian NAS and 2 Ukrainian cultivars Nezalezhnost and Radogost grown in conditions of the Orel region. The studies were carried out in 2010—2017 in the laboratory of biochemical and technological assessment of varieties and storage at VNIISPK. The content of pectins was determined in the unsoluble in alcohol residue by carbon colorimetric method using spectrophotometer Spekol. It was determined that the cultivars of VNIISPK breeding accumulate more pectins in fruit (10.8±0.3% per dry mass) than the Belorussian cultivars (9.4±0.5%), while the soluble pectin from the total amount was 55.3% and 44.7%, respectively. We have allocated the cultivars with content of the sum of pectins over 11.0%: Avgusta, Vavilovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Maslovskoye, Ministr Kisiliov, Orlovskaya Yesenia, Pamyaty Blynskogo and Sozvezdie of VNIISPK breeding and Darunak and Pospekh of RUE “Fruit-Growing Institute” breeding.
References
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Abstract
Dolzhikova, M.A., Pikunova, A.V., Sedov, E.N., & Serova, Z.M. (2018). DNA genotyping of the hybrid fund of apple VNIISPK for the presence of VfC DNA marker for resistance to scab. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 27-32. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10304 (In Russian, English abstract).
Scab – the most common and harmful fungal disease of Apple, which faces fruit growing worldwide. Apple scab is caused by the marsupial fungus Venturia inaequalis. The decrease in the yield of fruit crops in Central Russia from scab damage is not less than 40%, and in some years can reach a maximum value – 70—80%. Currently, DNA-marker analysis becomes important tools in the breeding of fruit crops, which allows determination of resistant genes and culling of undesirable samples at the early stages of plant development. The article presents the results of DNA genotyping of hybrids and elite seedlings of VNIISPK collection for the presence of VfC based DNA marker (Afunian et al., 2004) of Vf scab resistance gene. Tested hybrid family: No. 6388, obtained by crossing a Garland 30-47-88 × (liberty × 13-6-106); No. 6389, obtained according to the scheme of crossing: Garland × 34-21-39 (30-47-88 × Beauty Sverdlovsk); No. 6338 (scheme crossing: Freshness × Bolotovskii); No. 6333 (Severny Sinap × Aphrodite) and family No. 6339 (scheme crossing a × Freshness Pepin Orlovskii). A total 348 samples were tested. As a result, samples that have a DNA marker of the Vf gene were identified. The analyzed hybrid Fund is the 5th—6th generation of the M. Floribunda 821. Marker-assisted selection helps to improve the efficiency of breeding research.
Scab – the most common and harmful fungal disease of Apple, which faces fruit growing worldwide. Apple scab is caused by the marsupial fungus Venturia inaequalis. The decrease in the yield of fruit crops in Central Russia from scab damage is not less than 40%, and in some years can reach a maximum value – 70—80%. Currently, DNA-marker analysis becomes important tools in the breeding of fruit crops, which allows determination of resistant genes and culling of undesirable samples at the early stages of plant development. The article presents the results of DNA genotyping of hybrids and elite seedlings of VNIISPK collection for the presence of VfC based DNA marker (Afunian et al., 2004) of Vf scab resistance gene. Tested hybrid family: No. 6388, obtained by crossing a Garland 30-47-88 × (liberty × 13-6-106); No. 6389, obtained according to the scheme of crossing: Garland × 34-21-39 (30-47-88 × Beauty Sverdlovsk); No. 6338 (scheme crossing: Freshness × Bolotovskii); No. 6333 (Severny Sinap × Aphrodite) and family No. 6339 (scheme crossing a × Freshness Pepin Orlovskii). A total 348 samples were tested. As a result, samples that have a DNA marker of the Vf gene were identified. The analyzed hybrid Fund is the 5th—6th generation of the M. Floribunda 821. Marker-assisted selection helps to improve the efficiency of breeding research.
References
1. Afunian, M.R., Goodwin, P.H., & Hunter, D.M. (2004). Linkage of Vfa4 in Malus × domestica and Malus floribunda with Vf resistance to the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis. Plant Pathology, 53(4), 461-467. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01047.x
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6. Sedov, E.N., Sedysheva, G.A., & Serova, Z.M. (2008). Apple breeding on a polyploidy level. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
7. Sedov, E.N., Sedysheva, G.A., Makarkina, M.A., Levgerova, N.S., Serova, Z.M., Korneyeva, S.A., Gorbacheva, N.G., Salina, E.S., Yanchuk, T.V., Pikunova, A.V. & Ozherelieva, Z.E. (2015). The innovations in apple genome modification opening new prospects in breeding. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
8. Ulyanovskaya, E.V., Sedov, E.N., Suprun, I.I., Sedysheva, G.A., & Serova, Z.M. (2011). Acceleration of the development of scab immune Apple cultivars using molecular-genetic methods of research. Krasnodar. (In Russian).
9. Chesnokov Yu.V. (2005). DNA fingerprinting and analysis of genetic diversity in plants. Agricultural biology, 40(1), 20-40. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Shamshin, I.N., Savelyev, N.I., & Kudryavtsev, A.M. (2011). Application of molecular markers for identification of apple genotypes with scab resistance gene. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 26, 126-129. (In Russian, English abstract).
Abstract
Tarasova, G.N., & Telezhinskiy, D.D. (2018). New pear varieties for Middle Ural. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 33-38. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10305 (In Russian, English abstract).
The Sverdlovsk Horticultural Selection Station is the institution in the Middle Urals that selects pears. The hybrid pear fund at the moment is about 26 thousand plants. There are six varieties in the regional assortment: Berezhenaya, Dobryanka, Zarechnaya, Talitsa, Gvidon and Permyachka. Six new pear varieties are accepted in the State Variety Test: Fleyta, Raduzhnaya, Limonadnaya, Tais, Rozovyi bochonok, Sultan. The Fleyta and Raduzhnaya are pear varieties of summer ripening. Average fruit weight of variety Fleyta is 100 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.3 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 12.2%, sugars – 8.1%, titrated acids – 0.4%. Average fruit weight of variety Raduzhnaya is 120 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.2 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 12.4%, sugars – 9.9%, titrated acids – 0.3%. The Limonadnaya, Tais and Rozovyi bochonok are pear varieties of autumn ripening. Average fruit weight of variety Limonadnaya is 80 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.3 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 15.1%, sugars – 9.3%, titrated acids – 0.8%. Average fruit weight of variety Tais is 94 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.0 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 11.9%, sugars – 9.0%, titrated acids – 0.4%. Average fruit weight of variety Rozovyi bochonok is 160 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4,3 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 12.6%, sugars – 9.7%, titrated acids – 0.8%. The Sultan is pear variety of winter ripening, average fruit weight of this variety is 145 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.1 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 12.8%, sugars – 8.3%, titrated acids – 0.3%.
The Sverdlovsk Horticultural Selection Station is the institution in the Middle Urals that selects pears. The hybrid pear fund at the moment is about 26 thousand plants. There are six varieties in the regional assortment: Berezhenaya, Dobryanka, Zarechnaya, Talitsa, Gvidon and Permyachka. Six new pear varieties are accepted in the State Variety Test: Fleyta, Raduzhnaya, Limonadnaya, Tais, Rozovyi bochonok, Sultan. The Fleyta and Raduzhnaya are pear varieties of summer ripening. Average fruit weight of variety Fleyta is 100 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.3 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 12.2%, sugars – 8.1%, titrated acids – 0.4%. Average fruit weight of variety Raduzhnaya is 120 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.2 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 12.4%, sugars – 9.9%, titrated acids – 0.3%. The Limonadnaya, Tais and Rozovyi bochonok are pear varieties of autumn ripening. Average fruit weight of variety Limonadnaya is 80 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.3 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 15.1%, sugars – 9.3%, titrated acids – 0.8%. Average fruit weight of variety Tais is 94 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.0 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 11.9%, sugars – 9.0%, titrated acids – 0.4%. Average fruit weight of variety Rozovyi bochonok is 160 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4,3 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 12.6%, sugars – 9.7%, titrated acids – 0.8%. The Sultan is pear variety of winter ripening, average fruit weight of this variety is 145 g, pear fruit taste evaluation is 4.1 points. The content of soluble solids in the fruit is 12.8%, sugars – 8.3%, titrated acids – 0.3%.
References
1. Anonymous (1978). Agroclimatic conditions of the Sverdlovsk region. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. (In Russian).
2. Kotov, L.A. (2005). Achievements of breeding fruit pome crops in the Middle Ural. In Prospects for modern gardening at the present stage: Collection of scientific papers. (pp. 220-225). Ekaterinburg: Izd. Sverdlovskaia selektsionnaia stantsiia sadovodstva (In Russian).
3. Sedov E.N., Krasova N.G., Zhdanov V.V., Dolmatov E.A. & Mozhar N.V. (1999). Pip crops (apple, pear, common quince). In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 253–255). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
4. Sedov, E.N. (Ed.). (1995). Program and methods of selection of fruit, berry and nut crops. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
5. Saveliev, N.I., Makarov, V.N., Chivilev, V.V., & Akimov, M.Yu. (2006). Pear (source material, genetics, selection). Michurinsk: VNIIGiSPR. (In Russian).
6. Tarasova, G.N. (2006). The results of the study of pears breeding SUSRIHVP at the Sverdlovsk plant breeding station. In Breeding, seed-growing and technology of fruit-berry crops and potatoes: Sat. scientific works. (vol. 7 pp. 160-170). Chelyabinsk. (In Russian).
7. Tarasova, G.N., & Telezhinskiy, D.D. (2015). Pear’s variety Rozoviy bochonok. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 43, 206-208. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Telezhinskiy, D.D. (2011). Inheritance of large fruit degree for Ussuri Pear seedlings. Horticulture and viticulture, 5, 18-20 (In Russian).
9. Falkenberh, E.A. (2005). Creating new varieties of pear, adapted for the regions of high-risk fruit growing, by using Ussuri pear. In Prospects of modern gardening at the present stage: Collection of scientific papers (pp. 120-129). Ekaterinburg : Sverdlovskaya selekcionnaya stanciya sadovodstva. (In Russian).
10. Yakovlev, S.P. (1992). Selection and new varieties of pear. Moscow : Kolos. (In Russian).
Abstract
Kornilov, B.B., Ozhereleva, Z.E., Dolmatov, E.A., & Khrykina, T.A. (2018). Heat and drought resistance of some ornamental pear genotypes from VNIISPK gene pool. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 39-46. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10306 (In Russian, English abstract).
The results of the study of heat and drought resistance of ornamental pear genotypes are presented: Alaya (low tree size, rich dark green foliage, bright red fruit), Sharovidnaya (low tree size, natural globular habit of the crown), DK-2 (dwarfism, conic shape of the crown, large one-sized yellow fruit, ornament foliage in summer and autumn periods), DK-3 (dwarfism, conic shape of the crown, ornament foliage in summer and autumn periods), 17-43-30 (middle tree size, globular habit of the crown), 17-43-36 (middle tree size, globular habit of the crown). The studies were carried out on the basis of VNIISPK from 2013 to 2014 using common evaluation techniques of heat and drought resistance in the laboratory conditions. According to these methods the heat and drought resistance was evaluated under simulated drought and heat shock conditions. The leaves from the middle part of the crown were used to determine the degree of the drought resistance. The drought was simulated when the leaves were kept without water for 4 hours at a temperature of + 23°C, followed by saturation with water to assess the regenerative capacity. The heat resistance was determined after keeping the leaves in climatic chamber during 1.5 hour at +50°C (heat shock). Five genotypes were moderately resistant to simulated drought conditions (17-43-30, 17-43-36, DK-3, Alaya and Sharovidnaya); DK-2 was resistant. Alaya was low resistant to simulated heat shock, while five genotypes (17-43-30, 17-43-36, DK-2, DK-3 and Sharovidnaya) were moderately resistant. 17-43-30, 17-43-36, DK-3 and Sharovidnaya showed complex resistance of the moderate degree both to simulated drought and simulated heat shock. As a result, it was found that pears as ornamental plants can be grown in in conditions of moisture deficit. The studied specimens showed for the most part an average level of drought resistance allowing to use them in the plantations even without irrigation.
The results of the study of heat and drought resistance of ornamental pear genotypes are presented: Alaya (low tree size, rich dark green foliage, bright red fruit), Sharovidnaya (low tree size, natural globular habit of the crown), DK-2 (dwarfism, conic shape of the crown, large one-sized yellow fruit, ornament foliage in summer and autumn periods), DK-3 (dwarfism, conic shape of the crown, ornament foliage in summer and autumn periods), 17-43-30 (middle tree size, globular habit of the crown), 17-43-36 (middle tree size, globular habit of the crown). The studies were carried out on the basis of VNIISPK from 2013 to 2014 using common evaluation techniques of heat and drought resistance in the laboratory conditions. According to these methods the heat and drought resistance was evaluated under simulated drought and heat shock conditions. The leaves from the middle part of the crown were used to determine the degree of the drought resistance. The drought was simulated when the leaves were kept without water for 4 hours at a temperature of + 23°C, followed by saturation with water to assess the regenerative capacity. The heat resistance was determined after keeping the leaves in climatic chamber during 1.5 hour at +50°C (heat shock). Five genotypes were moderately resistant to simulated drought conditions (17-43-30, 17-43-36, DK-3, Alaya and Sharovidnaya); DK-2 was resistant. Alaya was low resistant to simulated heat shock, while five genotypes (17-43-30, 17-43-36, DK-2, DK-3 and Sharovidnaya) were moderately resistant. 17-43-30, 17-43-36, DK-3 and Sharovidnaya showed complex resistance of the moderate degree both to simulated drought and simulated heat shock. As a result, it was found that pears as ornamental plants can be grown in in conditions of moisture deficit. The studied specimens showed for the most part an average level of drought resistance allowing to use them in the plantations even without irrigation.
References
1. Genkel, P.A. (1971). Main ways of studying physiology of drought resistance of plants // Physiology of heat and drought resistance in plants (pp. 5-27). Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
2. Anonimous (2018). State register for selection achievements admitted for usage (national list). Plant varieties (official publication) (Vol. 2). Moscow: FGBNU «Rosinformagrotekh». (In Russian).
3. Eremin, G.V. & Gasanova, T.A. (1999). Study of heat and drought resistance of cultivars. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 80–85). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
4. Kornilov, B.B., Dolmatov, E.A., & Ozherelieva, Z.E. (2015). Study results of drought and heat resistance of ornamental pip genotypes (apple, pear) of VNIISPK gene pool. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 41, 186-191. (In Russian, English abstract).
Abstract
Mochalova, O.V. (2018). Peculiarities of microsporogenesis in hexaploid hybrids of steppe cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.). Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 47-55. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10307 (In Russian, English abstract).
The use of hexaploids is a new methodical direction in the breeding of cherry, allowing the reviving of correct meiosis passing and the restoration of sterile hybrids productivity, for increasing of genetic diversity in seed progeny. The purpose of the scientific research was to reveal the cytological peculiarities of microsporogenesis and the quality of pollen for spontaneous steppe cherry hexaploids, located in the Altai gene pool (FSBSI FASCA), to determine their reproductive and breeding potential. The individual characteristics of microsporogenesis, the formation of microspores sporades and the morphophysiology of mature pollen grains for the single hybrid from crossing steppe cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) with sour cherry (P. cerasus L.) and for two hybrids from crossing steppe cherry with Manchurian cherry ( P. maackii Rupr.) were estimated. It was revealed that the average number of meiocytes with disturbances was equal 50—60% from their total number and depends on the genotype. Weather conditions of the concrete year have a significant impact on the course of microsporogenesis. As an individual event is a combination of “universal” anomalies (associated with multivariate chromosomal conjugation and dysfunction of the spindle of cell division) and cytomixis. During hromosomal conjugation all hybrids form polyvalents, bivalents and univalents in an individual ratio also. In chromosomal plates of the metaphase of the second division the chromosomal number usually equals n=3x±5 chromosomes. Only for the B× 8-83-46 hybrid 0.8% of haploid (n=8) and the same number of diploid (n=16) chromosomal sets were found. The number of euploid chromosomal plates for the studied forms was found in the range of 35.8—46.7% from their total number. Tetrads of microspores with correct morphology were found at the level of 28.2—68.4%. Dyads and triads of microspores were also discovered (in the aggregate amount from 0.2 to 20.6 %). The fertility of pollen grains for hexaploids was within 58—82%, the viability of pollen was 10—35%. All hybrids form multi-aperture (4 or more growth pores) pollen grains in the amount of 7—88% from the total number of fertile ones. The good pollen quality implies the successful use of all studied hexaploids in intervalent crosses to obtain genetic and phenotypic diversity in the gene pool of steppe cherry.
The use of hexaploids is a new methodical direction in the breeding of cherry, allowing the reviving of correct meiosis passing and the restoration of sterile hybrids productivity, for increasing of genetic diversity in seed progeny. The purpose of the scientific research was to reveal the cytological peculiarities of microsporogenesis and the quality of pollen for spontaneous steppe cherry hexaploids, located in the Altai gene pool (FSBSI FASCA), to determine their reproductive and breeding potential. The individual characteristics of microsporogenesis, the formation of microspores sporades and the morphophysiology of mature pollen grains for the single hybrid from crossing steppe cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) with sour cherry (P. cerasus L.) and for two hybrids from crossing steppe cherry with Manchurian cherry ( P. maackii Rupr.) were estimated. It was revealed that the average number of meiocytes with disturbances was equal 50—60% from their total number and depends on the genotype. Weather conditions of the concrete year have a significant impact on the course of microsporogenesis. As an individual event is a combination of “universal” anomalies (associated with multivariate chromosomal conjugation and dysfunction of the spindle of cell division) and cytomixis. During hromosomal conjugation all hybrids form polyvalents, bivalents and univalents in an individual ratio also. In chromosomal plates of the metaphase of the second division the chromosomal number usually equals n=3x±5 chromosomes. Only for the B× 8-83-46 hybrid 0.8% of haploid (n=8) and the same number of diploid (n=16) chromosomal sets were found. The number of euploid chromosomal plates for the studied forms was found in the range of 35.8—46.7% from their total number. Tetrads of microspores with correct morphology were found at the level of 28.2—68.4%. Dyads and triads of microspores were also discovered (in the aggregate amount from 0.2 to 20.6 %). The fertility of pollen grains for hexaploids was within 58—82%, the viability of pollen was 10—35%. All hybrids form multi-aperture (4 or more growth pores) pollen grains in the amount of 7—88% from the total number of fertile ones. The good pollen quality implies the successful use of all studied hexaploids in intervalent crosses to obtain genetic and phenotypic diversity in the gene pool of steppe cherry.
References
1. Boyandina, T.E. (2015). Application of Maaka cherry in breeding on resistance to coccomycosis for Altai region. In Northern Cherry. In Proc. Sci. III Russian Symp. of cherry breeders (pp 44-47). Cheljabinsk. (In Russian).
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3. Zaitsev, G.N. (1990). Mathematics in experimental biology. Moscow. (In Russian).
4. Kolesnikova, A.F. (2014). Breeding of sour cherry in the last and in the future. Orel
5. Mochalova, O.V. (2006). Peculiarities of microsporogenesis in varieties and hybrids of Cerasus Mill. In Breeding of agricultural plants on resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors: Proc.Sci. Conf. (pp. 213-219).Novosibirsk. (In Russian).
6. Mochalova, O.V. (2013). Peculiarities of male reproduction in hybrids of steppe cherry with East-Asia cherry species. In State and outlook of Siberian horticulture: Proc. Sci. Conf. (pp. 221-229). Barnaul. (In Russian).
7. Mochalova, O.V. (2018). Peculiarities of male gametes reproduction in wild cherry species (Prunus L.) In Problems of botany for Southern Siberia and Mongolia
8. Mochalova, O.V., & Gusev, D.A. (2016). Induction of polyploidy for Frutescent Cherry and Bessey Cherry by in vitro culture. Achievements of Science and Technology of AICis, 30(9), 36-39. (In Russian, English abstract).
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10. Pokitskiy, P.F. (1973) Biological statistics. Minsk
11. Sankina, A.S., & Subbotin, G.I. (1982). Spontaneous hexaploid of cherry. Bulletin of VIR, 123, 60. (In Russian).
12. Subbotin, G.I. (2002). Cherry in Southern Siberia. Barnaul
13. Kursakov, G.A. (Ed.) (1976). Cytological studies of fruit and berry crops. Methodical recommendations. Michurinsk: CGL (In Russian).
14. Oryol, L.I. (Ed.) (1981). Cytological and cytoembryological techniques (for the study of cultivated plants). Methodical instructions (pp 63). Leningrad: VIR. (In Russian).
15. Soodan, A.S., & Wafai, B.A. (1987). Spontaneous occurrence of cytomixis during microsporogenesis in almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) and peach (P. persica Batsch). Cytologia, 52, 361-364. DOI:10.1508/cytologia.52.361
16. Crespel, L., Ricci, S.C., & Gudin, S. (2006).The production of 2n pollen in rose. Euphytica, 151, 155-164. DOI:10.1007/s10681-006-9136-1
Abstract
Gulyaeva, A.A., Berlova, T.N., Bezlepkina, E.V., & Efremov, I.N. (2018). Vereya – perspective sour cherry cultivar for gardens of intensive type. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 56-62. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10308 (In Russian, English abstract).
The article gives a detailed description of Vereya, new sour cherry cultivar of VNIISPK breeding, which was deduced on the basis of the laboratory of stone fruits breeding and cultivars studying (the authors of the cultivar are Gigadlo Elizaveta Nikolayevna, Kolesnikova Adelina Frolovna, Gulyaeva Alexandra Alekseyevna). The cultivar was obtained in 1984 as a result of telic artificial crossing of sour cherry cultivars Anthracitovaya and Prevoskhodnaya Venyaminova. Studies of selective, and later elite seedling were carried out in the gardens of the laboratory of stone fruits breeding and cultivars studying of VNIISPK in the period from 2006 to 2016. Plants were placed according to the standard for sour cherry pattern – 5×3 m. As a rootstock, V-2-180, cherry clonal rootstock selection by VNIISPK was used. During each year, a standard system of measures for the chemical protection of plants against damage from diseases (first of all, coccomycosis and moniliasis) and pests was applied. The study of the main economic and biological indicators was carried out in accordance with the main methodological recommendations. Technological and biochemical evaluation of the cultivar fruits was carried out in the laboratory of technological and biochemical evaluation of cultivars and storage of VNIISPK. The obtained results show that the Vereya is a promising and suitable for intensive horticulture cultivar. The cultivar was positively distinguished by such indicators as yield, versatility, fruit largeness, good taste, relative resistance to fungal diseases.
The article gives a detailed description of Vereya, new sour cherry cultivar of VNIISPK breeding, which was deduced on the basis of the laboratory of stone fruits breeding and cultivars studying (the authors of the cultivar are Gigadlo Elizaveta Nikolayevna, Kolesnikova Adelina Frolovna, Gulyaeva Alexandra Alekseyevna). The cultivar was obtained in 1984 as a result of telic artificial crossing of sour cherry cultivars Anthracitovaya and Prevoskhodnaya Venyaminova. Studies of selective, and later elite seedling were carried out in the gardens of the laboratory of stone fruits breeding and cultivars studying of VNIISPK in the period from 2006 to 2016. Plants were placed according to the standard for sour cherry pattern – 5×3 m. As a rootstock, V-2-180, cherry clonal rootstock selection by VNIISPK was used. During each year, a standard system of measures for the chemical protection of plants against damage from diseases (first of all, coccomycosis and moniliasis) and pests was applied. The study of the main economic and biological indicators was carried out in accordance with the main methodological recommendations. Technological and biochemical evaluation of the cultivar fruits was carried out in the laboratory of technological and biochemical evaluation of cultivars and storage of VNIISPK. The obtained results show that the Vereya is a promising and suitable for intensive horticulture cultivar. The cultivar was positively distinguished by such indicators as yield, versatility, fruit largeness, good taste, relative resistance to fungal diseases.
References
1. Gulyaeva, A.A., & Berlova, T.N. (2016). Promising cherry cultivars for the Central Region of Russia. Breeding and variety cultivation of fruit and berry crops, 3(2), 14-17. (In Russian, English abstract).
2. Dzhigadlo, E.N., Kolesnikova, A.F., Eremin, G.V., Morozova, T.V., Debiskaeva, S.Y., Kanshina, M.V., Kanshina, M.V., Medvedeva, N.I., & Simagin, V.S. (1999). Stone fruit crops. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 300-351). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
3. Dzhigadlo, E.N. (2009). The improvement of breeding methods, the development of sour and sweet cherry cultivars and their rootstocks ecologically adapted to the conditions of the Central region of Russia. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
4. Zhukov, O.S., & Kharitonova, E.N. (1998). Cherry breeding. Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
4. Zhukov, O.S., & Kharitonova, E.N. (1998). Cherry breeding. Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
5. Kolesnikova, A.F. (2014). Sour cherry breeding in the past and present. Orel: OSU. (In Russian).
6. Iezzoni, A.F. (2008). Cherries. In J.F. Hancock (Ed.). Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding: Germplasm to Genomics (pp 151-176). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6907-9.
7. Kappel, F. (2008). Breeding cherries in the ‘New World’. Acta Horticulturae, 795, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.795.2.
8. Milatoviñ, D., & Nikoliñ, D. (2011). Cherry breeding in the world. In 3rd Conference “Innovations in Fruit Growing” (pp. 21-47). Belgrade, Serbia.
9. Sansavini, S. & Lugli, S. (2008). Sweet cherry breeding programs in Europe and Asia. Acta Horticulturae, 795, 41-57. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.795.1.
10. Schuster, M., Grafe, C., Hoberg, E., & Schãtze, W. (2013). New results of sour cherry breeding in Germany. Acta Horticulturae, 976, 79-86. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.976.7.
11. Schuster, M., Grafe, C., & Wolfram, B. (2014). Interspecific Hybridization in Sweet and Sour Cherry Breeding. Acta Horticulturae, 1020, 71-74. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1020.7.
Abstract
Ozhereleva, Z.E., & Efremov, I.N. (2018). The assessment of resistance of cherry generative organs to spring frosts. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 63-68. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10309 (In Russian, English abstract).
The experimental studies of cherry resistance to spring frosts were generalized for 2016…2018. The studies were conducted in the laboratory of fruit crop resistance physiology at VNIISPK. Cherry cultivars of VNIISPK breeding were studied. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the resistance of generative organs f cherry of VNIISPK breeding to spring frosts during blooming by the artificial freezing method and to reveal the most resistant cultivars. Frosts -1, -2 and -3°C were simulated in the climate chamber “Espec” PSL-2KPH (Japan) in early May. The potential of resistance of generative organs to negative temperatures was evaluated. As a result of the experiment, ranking of cherry cultivars into groups of resistance to spring frosts was proposed. Two modes of freezing were recommended. The first mode -2°C would allow mass rejecting of unstable genotypes. The second mode -3°C would make it possible to allocate specimen as sources of high resistance of generative organs to spring frosts. The relatively high resistance of generative organs of the studied cherry cultivars to spring freeze -1°C was observed in Podarok Uchiteliam and Shokoladnitsa. Further decrease in temperature to -2 and -3°C increased damage to flowers and buds. The dispersion analysis showed substantial difference between cherry cultivars in flower and bud damage on the 5% significance level after effects on generative organs by temperature -2 and -3°C. According to the experimental data, Shokoladnitsa was distinguished as a cherry cultivar with the greatest potential of resistance of generative organs to spring frosts.
The experimental studies of cherry resistance to spring frosts were generalized for 2016…2018. The studies were conducted in the laboratory of fruit crop resistance physiology at VNIISPK. Cherry cultivars of VNIISPK breeding were studied. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the resistance of generative organs f cherry of VNIISPK breeding to spring frosts during blooming by the artificial freezing method and to reveal the most resistant cultivars. Frosts -1, -2 and -3°C were simulated in the climate chamber “Espec” PSL-2KPH (Japan) in early May. The potential of resistance of generative organs to negative temperatures was evaluated. As a result of the experiment, ranking of cherry cultivars into groups of resistance to spring frosts was proposed. Two modes of freezing were recommended. The first mode -2°C would allow mass rejecting of unstable genotypes. The second mode -3°C would make it possible to allocate specimen as sources of high resistance of generative organs to spring frosts. The relatively high resistance of generative organs of the studied cherry cultivars to spring freeze -1°C was observed in Podarok Uchiteliam and Shokoladnitsa. Further decrease in temperature to -2 and -3°C increased damage to flowers and buds. The dispersion analysis showed substantial difference between cherry cultivars in flower and bud damage on the 5% significance level after effects on generative organs by temperature -2 and -3°C. According to the experimental data, Shokoladnitsa was distinguished as a cherry cultivar with the greatest potential of resistance of generative organs to spring frosts.
References
1. Dospekhov, B.A. (1985). Methods of the Field Experiment. Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
2. Kanshina, M.V. (1998). Ecological resistance and productivity of cherry cultivars in Bryansk region. In The improvement of assortment and cultivation technology of stone fruit crops: Proc. Sci. Conf. (pp. 82-84). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
3. Kanshina, M.V., & Astakhov, A.A. (2008). Adaptability of sour and sweet cherry cultivars in conditions of Bryansk region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 20, 120-123. (In Russian).
4. Kolesnikova, A.F. (2003). Sour and sweet cherry. Moscow: AST; Folio. (In Russian).
5. Krasova, N.G., Galasheva, A.M. & Ozherelieva Z.E. (2011). Resistance of apple cultivars to unfavorable conditions during blooming. In Breeding, genetics and variety agronomic practice of fruit crops (pp. 12-18). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
6. Leonchenko, V.G., Evseeva, R.P., Zhbanova, E.V., & Cherenkova, T.A. (2007). The preliminary selection of promising fruit genotypes for ecological resistance and biochemical value of fruit. Michurinsk, VNIIGISPR. (In Russian).
7. Ozherelieva, Z.E., & Goliaeva, O.D. (2015). Stability of flowers and buds of red currant to spring frosts. In Breeding, genetics and variety agronomic practice of fruit crops (pp. 12-18). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
8. Ozherelieva, Z.E., & Guliaeva, A.A. (2015). Frost effect on resistance of cherry generative organs during flourification. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo - Contemporary Horticulture, 3, 45-51. Retrieved from: journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2015/3/47.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Ozhereleva, Z.E., & Guliaeva, A.A. (2016). Study of the stability of cherries to spring frosts. Scientific-methodical journal Concept, 26, 56-60. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Yushev, A.A. (2001). Cherry. Saint Petersburg: Agropromizdat; Diamant. (In Russian).
Abstract
Nevostrueva, E.Yu. (2018). Antares – new raspberry variety for the Middle Urals. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 69-73. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10310 (In Russian, English abstract).
For raspberries in the Middle Urals, the limiting factor is the insufficient winter resistance of its above-ground part due to the freezing of the main buds and tissues of the shoots, affecting the yield and, ultimately, the profitability of the crop as a whole. Therefore, in these conditions, the technology of cultivation of raspberries provides for the obligatory bending of shoots for the winter and hilling them with snow. In addition to winter hardiness, the problem of creating large-fruited varieties remains relevant. So, from the assortment zoned in the Urals, the most large-fruited varieties – Lubitelskaya Sverdlovska, Zorenka Altaya – with a mass of 2.7—3.0 g. Creating varieties with a set of economically valuable traits (winter hardiness, yield, large-fruited) at a high level is a priority task in the selection of raspberries in the Middle Urals. One of the results of the work is the new raspberry variety Antares of the selection of the Sverdlovsk horticulture breeding station. The variety is allocated for high winter hardiness, which does not require mandatory bending of the shoots for the winter according to the generally accepted technology of cultivation of this crop in the Middle Urals. In addition, it is characterized by high yield (up to 9.73 t/ha) and large-fruited (average weight of the berry in all collections is 4.1 g), drought-resistant. The variety Antares is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation, approved for use in 2018, patent number 9376 (December 6, 2017).
For raspberries in the Middle Urals, the limiting factor is the insufficient winter resistance of its above-ground part due to the freezing of the main buds and tissues of the shoots, affecting the yield and, ultimately, the profitability of the crop as a whole. Therefore, in these conditions, the technology of cultivation of raspberries provides for the obligatory bending of shoots for the winter and hilling them with snow. In addition to winter hardiness, the problem of creating large-fruited varieties remains relevant. So, from the assortment zoned in the Urals, the most large-fruited varieties – Lubitelskaya Sverdlovska, Zorenka Altaya – with a mass of 2.7—3.0 g. Creating varieties with a set of economically valuable traits (winter hardiness, yield, large-fruited) at a high level is a priority task in the selection of raspberries in the Middle Urals. One of the results of the work is the new raspberry variety Antares of the selection of the Sverdlovsk horticulture breeding station. The variety is allocated for high winter hardiness, which does not require mandatory bending of the shoots for the winter according to the generally accepted technology of cultivation of this crop in the Middle Urals. In addition, it is characterized by high yield (up to 9.73 t/ha) and large-fruited (average weight of the berry in all collections is 4.1 g), drought-resistant. The variety Antares is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation, approved for use in 2018, patent number 9376 (December 6, 2017).
References
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2. Nevostrueva, E.Yu. (2010). The results of the selection of raspberries in the Middle Urals. In Scientific support of adaptive gardening of the Ural region (pp. 161-162). Ekatrinburg (In Russian).
3. Bogdanova, I.I., Nashchekina, A.S. & Demin, N.S. (2010). The results of the activities of the Sverdlovsk plant breeding station for 75 years and development prospects. In Scientific support of adaptive gardening of the Ural region (pp. 4-28). Ekaterinburg. (In Russian).
4. Kazakov, I.V., Gruner, L.A. & Kichina, V.V. (1999). Raspberries, blackberries and their hybrids. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 374-395). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
5. Dospekhov, B. A. (1979). Methods of the field experiment. Moscow: Kolos. (In Russian).
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7. Andreeva, G.V. (2014). Evaluation of new varieties and forms of raspberry breeding of the Sverdlovsk horticulture breeding station on economically valuable traits. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 40(2), 54-59 (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Nevostrueva, E.Yu. (2014). Antares. In E.N. Sedov & L.A. Gruner (Eds.), Pomology. Strawberries. Raspberries. Nut and rare crops (vol. 5, pp. 114-115). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
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10. Bogdanova I.I., Kotov L.À., Tarasova G.N., Telezhinskiy D.D., Shagina T.V., Chebotok E.M., Isakova M.G., Àndreeva G.V., Nevostrueva E.Yu., & Evtushenko, N.S. (2013). Zoned and promising varieties for gardening Urals. Ekaterinburg: Kamensk-Ural publishing house. (In Russian).
Abstract
Gruner, L.A., & Kuleshova, O.V. (2018). Number and ratio of photosynthetic pigments in blackberry leaves. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 74-80. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10311 (In Russian, English abstract).
Indicators of the pigment complex of blackberry leaves were studied at the beginning of berry ripening and at the end of the growing season in the middle of Russia (Orel region) in 2015—2017. The leaves of 7 blackberry genotypes were studied. The genotypes were the representatives of 3 morphological groups: erect plants (2 specimens), trailing plants (2 specimens) and semi-erected/semi-trailing plants (3 specimens). The content of pigments (chlorophylls «a» and «b» and carotenoids) was determined by spectrophotometer in three-fold repetition using acetone extract from the leaves taken in the middle of the shoots of the current year. As a result, it was found that the average amount of chlorophyll «a» in blackberry leaves was 1.6 mg/g by the beginning of berry ripening, chlorophyll «b» – 0.8 mg/g and carotenoids – 0.5 mg/g of wet eight. By the end of the vegetation these indicators for chlorophylls indicators decreased – 1.4 mg/g and 0.7 mg/g, respectively, while for carotenoids they remained at the level of the first term – 0.5 mg/g, which indicates the presence of good protective mechanisms of the leaf apparatus. The ratio of chlorophylls «a» and «b» in blackberry leaves in both studied phases averaged about 2, and the sum of chlorophylls of carotenoids – from 4.0 to 4.6. Like the mass of pigments, this ratio varied within the culture more by the end of the growing season than at the beginning of ripening, indicating an increase in the degree of individual response of specific genotypes (including depending on belonging to the morphological group) to changing environmental conditions and the phase of vegetation. A high direct correlation was found between the amount of chlorophylls «a» and «b» in blackberry leaves and the sum of chlorophylls and carotenoids in both periods of evaluation.
Indicators of the pigment complex of blackberry leaves were studied at the beginning of berry ripening and at the end of the growing season in the middle of Russia (Orel region) in 2015—2017. The leaves of 7 blackberry genotypes were studied. The genotypes were the representatives of 3 morphological groups: erect plants (2 specimens), trailing plants (2 specimens) and semi-erected/semi-trailing plants (3 specimens). The content of pigments (chlorophylls «a» and «b» and carotenoids) was determined by spectrophotometer in three-fold repetition using acetone extract from the leaves taken in the middle of the shoots of the current year. As a result, it was found that the average amount of chlorophyll «a» in blackberry leaves was 1.6 mg/g by the beginning of berry ripening, chlorophyll «b» – 0.8 mg/g and carotenoids – 0.5 mg/g of wet eight. By the end of the vegetation these indicators for chlorophylls indicators decreased – 1.4 mg/g and 0.7 mg/g, respectively, while for carotenoids they remained at the level of the first term – 0.5 mg/g, which indicates the presence of good protective mechanisms of the leaf apparatus. The ratio of chlorophylls «a» and «b» in blackberry leaves in both studied phases averaged about 2, and the sum of chlorophylls of carotenoids – from 4.0 to 4.6. Like the mass of pigments, this ratio varied within the culture more by the end of the growing season than at the beginning of ripening, indicating an increase in the degree of individual response of specific genotypes (including depending on belonging to the morphological group) to changing environmental conditions and the phase of vegetation. A high direct correlation was found between the amount of chlorophylls «a» and «b» in blackberry leaves and the sum of chlorophylls and carotenoids in both periods of evaluation.
References
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3. Gruner, L.A. (2014). Blackberries. In E.N. Sedov & L.A. Gruner (Eds.), Pomology. Strawberries. Raspberries. Nut and rare crops (vol. 5, pp. 300-308). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
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7. Panfilova, O.V., & Golyaeva, O.D. (2013). Influence of red currant drought resistance on the physiological and biochemical indices of leaves. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 4, 8. Retrieved from: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2013/4/8.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Pakharkova, N.B., Gette, I.G., Andreyeva, E.B., & Masentzova, I.V. (2014). The plant pigment composition seasonal changes of different taxonomic groups in the nature reserve «Stolby» territory. Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 8, 193–143. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Petrova, V.I., & Konovalov, S.N. (2013). Efficiency of biological fertilizers in the apple-tree garden. Scientific publications of FSBSO NCRRIH&V, 3, 71-78. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Shuliakovskaya, T.A., Ilinova, M.R., Kishenko, I.T., & Potapova, M.N. (2007). Dynamics of peroxidase isoenzymes and pigments in needles of Picea Dieter. species introduced in Karelia. Hortus Botanicus, 4, 1-9. Retrieved from: http://hb.karelia.ru/files/redaktor_pdf/1362930986.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Strik, B.C., Finn, C.E., Clark, J.R., & Pilar Bañados M. (2008). Worldwide Production of Blackberries. Acta Horticulturae, 777, 209-218. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.777.31.
Abstract
Gruner, L.A., & Kuleshova, O.V. (2018). Current trends in breeding and new elite blackberry genotypes of VNIISPK gene pool. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 81-89. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10312 (In Russian, English abstract).
The studies were carried out in 2014—2018 in Orel region (Central Russia) on the experimental plot of the VNIISPK department of berry crop breeding and variety investigation. Selected forms of blackberry seedlings obtained from the open pollination of the Scottish cultivar Loch Ness and North-American cultivar Cheyenne were studied. Zoned cultivars Thornfree and Agawam were taken as standards. The genotypes were estimated according to the common techniques of breeding and variety investigation. The previously proposed model of an ideal blackberry variety from the point of view of modern requirements to the main qualities of varieties was analyzed. The corresponding priority directions of the culture breeding are shown taking into account the experience of foreign breeders. It has been concluded that the previously proposed model of an ideal blackberry variety can be supplemented and adjusted on the basis of modern achievements of selection and market requirements. For further improvement, features associated with the post-harvest qualities of berries (including commodity and flavor), their biochemical composition, adaptability of plants to environmental conditions ( including frost and heat resistance), diversity of plant habit, etc. are topical. It has been found that selected during the studies elite blackberry genotypes surpass zoned cultivars by weight of berries, content of P-active substances and taste qualities, slightly inferior to them in productivity, and they have an early ripening period, which is important in Central Russia for the full yield of berry products. Detailed morphological descriptions of selected elite genotypes including a number of economical indications are given.
The studies were carried out in 2014—2018 in Orel region (Central Russia) on the experimental plot of the VNIISPK department of berry crop breeding and variety investigation. Selected forms of blackberry seedlings obtained from the open pollination of the Scottish cultivar Loch Ness and North-American cultivar Cheyenne were studied. Zoned cultivars Thornfree and Agawam were taken as standards. The genotypes were estimated according to the common techniques of breeding and variety investigation. The previously proposed model of an ideal blackberry variety from the point of view of modern requirements to the main qualities of varieties was analyzed. The corresponding priority directions of the culture breeding are shown taking into account the experience of foreign breeders. It has been concluded that the previously proposed model of an ideal blackberry variety can be supplemented and adjusted on the basis of modern achievements of selection and market requirements. For further improvement, features associated with the post-harvest qualities of berries (including commodity and flavor), their biochemical composition, adaptability of plants to environmental conditions ( including frost and heat resistance), diversity of plant habit, etc. are topical. It has been found that selected during the studies elite blackberry genotypes surpass zoned cultivars by weight of berries, content of P-active substances and taste qualities, slightly inferior to them in productivity, and they have an early ripening period, which is important in Central Russia for the full yield of berry products. Detailed morphological descriptions of selected elite genotypes including a number of economical indications are given.
References
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3. Gruner, L.A. (2014). Blackberries. In E.N. Sedov & L.A. Gruner (Eds.), Pomology. Strawberries. Raspberries. Nut and rare crops (vol. 5, pp. 300-308). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
4. Gruner, L.A. (1992). Biology features and economical value of blackberry cultivars and genotypes in conditions of the Northern Caucasus. (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Saint Petersburg, Russia. (In Russian).
5. Gruner, L.A. Rubus L. genus, Eubatus Focke subgenus (blackberries) classifier / V.A. Korneychuk, & V.L. Vitkovsky (Eds). Saint-Petersburg: VIR. (In Russian).
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7. Kazakov, I.V., Gruner, L.A. & Kichina, V.V. (1999). Raspberries, blackberries and their hybrids. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 374–395). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
8. Kichina, V.V., Kazakov, I.V., & Gruner, L.A. (1995). Raspberry and blackberry breeding. Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut breeding. In Sedov E.N. (ed.) Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding (pp 368-386). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
9. Podorozhny, V.N. (2016). Creating varieties of blackberries for south zone of horticulture of Russia. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 45, 119-123. (In Russian, English abstract).
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11. Clark, J. R., & Finn, C. E. (2011). Blackberry breeding and genetics. Fruit, vegetable and cereal science and biotechnology, 5(1), 27-43.
12. Finn, C.E. & Strik, B.C. (2014). Blackberry Cultivars for Oregon. Retrieved from: http://berrygrape.org/files/caneberries/blackberry_cultivars.pdf.
13. Strik, B.C., Finn, C.E., Clark, J.R., & Bañados, P. (2008). Worldwide Production of Blackberries. Acta Horticulturae, 777, 209-218. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.
Abstract
Nevostrueva, E.Yu., & Andreeva, G.V. (2018). The study of varieties of strawberry in the unstable conditions of the vegetation periods of the Middle Urals. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 90-94. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10313 (In Russian, English abstract).
In the Middle Urals, the main limiting factor in the cultivation of strawberries were, until recently, overwintering conditions. But in the last 10 years, unstable growing season conditions have had a greater impact on this crop. The article presents the results of studies of 10 varieties of strawberries according to economically valuable traits in the conditions of the growing season of recent years in the Middle Urals. The most resistant to drought varieties had berries at the level of 5—6 g. These are the breeding varieties of Station Darenka, Duet, Italmas and the introduced ones – Solovushka, Pervoklassnitsa, Festivalnaya Romashka, Solnechnaya Polyanka. In the cool, overwetted years, the sorting Malling Pandora was practically not affected by gray rot or had a weak defeat – 1.2%. The varieties of medium ripening were distinguished by large-fruited – Bova, Pervoklassnitsa, Altair, Solovushka (9.5—11.3 g). According to the complex of economically valuable traits, the following varieties were selected: Duet, Italmas, Bova, Pervoklassnitsa, Solnechnaya Polyanka, Solovushka. They are the most adapted to these environmental factors and are recommended for widespread cultivation in the Ural region.
In the Middle Urals, the main limiting factor in the cultivation of strawberries were, until recently, overwintering conditions. But in the last 10 years, unstable growing season conditions have had a greater impact on this crop. The article presents the results of studies of 10 varieties of strawberries according to economically valuable traits in the conditions of the growing season of recent years in the Middle Urals. The most resistant to drought varieties had berries at the level of 5—6 g. These are the breeding varieties of Station Darenka, Duet, Italmas and the introduced ones – Solovushka, Pervoklassnitsa, Festivalnaya Romashka, Solnechnaya Polyanka. In the cool, overwetted years, the sorting Malling Pandora was practically not affected by gray rot or had a weak defeat – 1.2%. The varieties of medium ripening were distinguished by large-fruited – Bova, Pervoklassnitsa, Altair, Solovushka (9.5—11.3 g). According to the complex of economically valuable traits, the following varieties were selected: Duet, Italmas, Bova, Pervoklassnitsa, Solnechnaya Polyanka, Solovushka. They are the most adapted to these environmental factors and are recommended for widespread cultivation in the Ural region.
References
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Abstract
Mursalimova, G.R., Merezhko, O.E., & Lohova, A.I. (2018). Adaptive potential of introduced grades of fruit crops. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 95-102. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10314 (In Russian, English abstract).
The need to assess varieties of various ecological and geographical origin in order to highlight the most productive, sustainable, with fruits of high taste, to create adaptive plantations, primarily based on varieties of domestic selection is relevant. The study of the genetic collection is the fundamental basis for the selection work, which allows to intensify the creation of adaptive, highly productive varieties. The studies were carried out at the FSBSI «Orenburg ESHV ARBTIHN» from 2007 to 2017, in typical soil and climatic conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Purpose of research: based on comparative phenological, biological and climatic features of varieties and forms of the genetic collection, highlight promising varieties and forms as a source to a complex of adverse environmental factors, productivity and large fruits in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals (using the example of the Orenburg region). As a result of the research, promising apple varieties have been identified as parental sources of adaptation to a complex of adverse stress factors, yield and large-fruited: Kandil Orlovskij, Kulikovskoye, Letneye polosatoye, Anis Sverdlovskij, Podarok Orenburzhu and others; pear varieties – Sverdlovchanka, Krasnobokaya, Permachka, Tonkovetka, Krasula; Apricot varieties – Pikantnyj, Habarovskij, CHelabinskij rannij, cherry varieties – Malinovka, Mayak; varieties of plum SHarovaya, Uralskij chernosliv, Belosnezhka, Svetlana in the conditions of the Southern Urals (on the example of the Orenburg region). Testing the existing assortment in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals allowed to allocate fruit crops to the category of adapted and highly productive.
The need to assess varieties of various ecological and geographical origin in order to highlight the most productive, sustainable, with fruits of high taste, to create adaptive plantations, primarily based on varieties of domestic selection is relevant. The study of the genetic collection is the fundamental basis for the selection work, which allows to intensify the creation of adaptive, highly productive varieties. The studies were carried out at the FSBSI «Orenburg ESHV ARBTIHN» from 2007 to 2017, in typical soil and climatic conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Purpose of research: based on comparative phenological, biological and climatic features of varieties and forms of the genetic collection, highlight promising varieties and forms as a source to a complex of adverse environmental factors, productivity and large fruits in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals (using the example of the Orenburg region). As a result of the research, promising apple varieties have been identified as parental sources of adaptation to a complex of adverse stress factors, yield and large-fruited: Kandil Orlovskij, Kulikovskoye, Letneye polosatoye, Anis Sverdlovskij, Podarok Orenburzhu and others; pear varieties – Sverdlovchanka, Krasnobokaya, Permachka, Tonkovetka, Krasula; Apricot varieties – Pikantnyj, Habarovskij, CHelabinskij rannij, cherry varieties – Malinovka, Mayak; varieties of plum SHarovaya, Uralskij chernosliv, Belosnezhka, Svetlana in the conditions of the Southern Urals (on the example of the Orenburg region). Testing the existing assortment in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals allowed to allocate fruit crops to the category of adapted and highly productive.
References
1. Ivanova, E.A. & Mursalimova, G.R. (2017). Role of genetic collection in innovative development of horticulture of the Orenburg region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 49, 134-140. (In Russian, English abstract).
2. Ivanova, E.A., Mursalimova, G.R., Merezhko, O.E., Nigmatyanova, S.E., Stranishevskaya, E.P., Tikhonova, M.A., & Juraeva, F.K. (2015). Priority directions of seed fruit crops in the south of ural using of fund of genetic collection. Fruit growing and viticulture of South Russia. 35(5). pp. 49–57. Retrieved from: http://journalkubansad.ru/pdf/15/05/04.pdf
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11. Tyurina, M.M., Krasova, N.G., Rezvyakova, S.V., Saveliev, N.I., Dzhigadlo, E.N., & Ogoltsova, T.P. (1999). Study of winter hardiness of fruit and berry cultivars under the field and laboratory conditions. In: E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.) Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding (pp. 59-68). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
12. Merejko, O.E., Mursalimova, G.R., & Tichonova, M.A. (2017). Ecological and biological adaptation of apple cultivars in the Southern Urals. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 51, 175-177. (In Russian, English abstract).
13. Starodubceva, E.P., Merejko, O.E. & Mursalimova, G.R. (2017). Starting material for creation of grades of fruit crops. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 49, 316-320. (In Russian, English abstract).
14. Starodubceva, E.P., Ivanova, E.A., Mursalimova, G.R., & Djuraeva, F.K. (2016). The prospects of culture and breeding apricot the Orenburg region. Breeding and variety cultivation of fruit and berry crops, 3, 138-141. (In Russian, English abstract).
15. Avdeev, V.I., Saudobaeva, A.J., & Starodubceva, E.P. (2014). Results of the study of local apricot in Orenburg region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 40(2), 15-21. (In Russian, English abstract).
16. Avdeev, V.I., & Saprikina, I.N. (2014). The best varieties and forms of local cherries, plums for the conditions of the Orenburg region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 40(2), 22-26. (In Russian, English abstract).
17. Avdeev, V.I. & Saprikina, I.N. (2014). Introduced and local assortment of cherry, plum for the conditions of the Orenburg region. Vestnik of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Electronic Scientific Journal. 2 (10), pp. 61-66. Retrieved from: http://www.vestospu.ru/archive/2014/articles/Avdeev-Saprykina2-10.html.
Abstract
Slepneva, T.N., Chebotok, E.M., & Makarenko, C.A. (2018). Main results of scientific activities of Sverdlovsk breeding station of horticulture in 2017. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 103-113. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10321 (In Russian, English abstract).
The article presents the main results of the scientific activity of the Sverdlovsk breeding station of horticulture - structural subdivision Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science" in the field of selection and variety study of fruit and berry crops for 2017. Scientific researches are conducted in two directions: «Search, mobilization and preservation of genetic resources of cultivated plants and their wild relatives for the purpose of studying, preservation and use of biodiversity of forms of cultivated plants»; «Fundamental bases of management of selection process of creation of new genotypes of plants with high economically valuable signs of productivity, resistance to bio and abiostressors». The content of the work: conservation, replenishment of genetic collections of fruit and berry crops with characteristics that determine the economic value of the samples; selection of new initial forms for breeding for economically valuable traits: resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, productivity, fruit quality; selection of promising combinations of crossing into individual or complex of economically valuable traits; creation of breeding material (hybrid Fund) for selection based on the use of preferred parent forms; selection of selected, promising, elite seedlings; creation of new varieties. New varieties-included in The state register of protected breeding achievements of the Russian Federation; included in The state register of selection achievements admitted for use in the Volga-Vyatka region of the Russian Federation; accepted and transferred to The state variety testing. According to the results of scientific activity in 2017, 13 scientific articles were published.
The article presents the main results of the scientific activity of the Sverdlovsk breeding station of horticulture - structural subdivision Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science" in the field of selection and variety study of fruit and berry crops for 2017. Scientific researches are conducted in two directions: «Search, mobilization and preservation of genetic resources of cultivated plants and their wild relatives for the purpose of studying, preservation and use of biodiversity of forms of cultivated plants»; «Fundamental bases of management of selection process of creation of new genotypes of plants with high economically valuable signs of productivity, resistance to bio and abiostressors». The content of the work: conservation, replenishment of genetic collections of fruit and berry crops with characteristics that determine the economic value of the samples; selection of new initial forms for breeding for economically valuable traits: resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, productivity, fruit quality; selection of promising combinations of crossing into individual or complex of economically valuable traits; creation of breeding material (hybrid Fund) for selection based on the use of preferred parent forms; selection of selected, promising, elite seedlings; creation of new varieties. New varieties-included in The state register of protected breeding achievements of the Russian Federation; included in The state register of selection achievements admitted for use in the Volga-Vyatka region of the Russian Federation; accepted and transferred to The state variety testing. According to the results of scientific activity in 2017, 13 scientific articles were published.
References
1. Evtushenko, N.S. (2017). Study of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea Rehd.) in the conditions of the Middle Urals: main results and problems of cultivation. Scientific notes of the Cheiyabinsk branch of the Russian Botanical Society, 1, 75-85 (In Russian).
2. Kotov, L.A., Gaziev, M.A., Asadulaev, Z.M., & Magomedmirzaev, M.N. (2017). Ural varieties of apple trees in the highlands of Dagestan. Works of the State Nikita Botanical Gardens, 144(1), 191-193 (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Lezin, M.S., & Slepneva, T.N. (2017). Comparative assessment of winter hardiness of apricot varieties at the Chelyabinsk fruit and berry SVTP. Breeding, seed production and technology of fruit, berries, vegetables and potatoes, 112-117. (In Russian).
4. Nevostrueva, E.Yu.(2017). Study of selected strawberry seedlings in the unstable conditions of the Middle Urals. Breeding, seed production and technology of fruit, berries, vegetables and potatoes, 137-142 (in Russian).
5. Sedov, E.N. & Ogoltsova T.P. (Eds.). (1999). Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops. Orel
6. Sedov, E.N. (Ed.). (1995). Program and methods fruit, berry and nut crop breeding. Orel
7. Slepneva, T.N., & Matiunin, M.N. (2017). New variety of plum chinese Sapphire.In Ecological and biological problems of using natural resources in agriculture: Proc. Int. Sci Conf. of Young Scientists and Specialists. (pp. 84-89). Ekaterinburh: Uralskoe izdatelstvo (In Russian).
8. Slepneva, T.N., & Chebotok, E.M. (2017). Scientific support for the development of northern horticulture in the Middle Urals. In Ecological and biological problems of using natural resources in agriculture: Proc. Int. Sci Conf. of Young Scientists and Specialists. (pp. 89-93). Ekaterinburh: Uralskoe izdatelstvo (in Russian).
9. Slepneva, T.N., & Chebotok, E.M. (2017). The results of scientific work of the FSBSI Sverdlovsk breeding station of horticulture of ARHIBAN in 2016 as the basis for the sustainable development of northern gardening. In Scientifically based technologies for the intensification of agricultural production ’17: Proc. Int. Sci Conf.. (pp. 82-94). Izhevsk: FGBOU VO Izhevskaia GSXA (In Russian).
10. Slepneva, T.N., & Chebotok, E.M. (2017). Preservation and replenishment of genetic resources of fruit, berry and ornamental crops by creating a unique scientific installation of the collection of living plants of open ground. Works of the State Nikita Botanical Gardens, 144 (1), 54-58 (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Tarasova, G.N. (2017). Resistance of flowers of pear varieties to late spring frosts in the conditions of the Middle Urals. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 48(1), 256-259 (In Russian, English abstract).
12. Telezhinskii, D.D. (2017). Influence of the trait of anthocyanin coloration of fruits on the winter hardiness of hybrid pear seedlings. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 49, 325-328 (In Russian, English abstract).
13. Telezhinskii, D.D. (2017). Restoration of fruit plantations after rodents damage by means of improved bridge grafting. Breeding and variety cultivation of fruit and berry crops, 4(1-2), 129-131 (In Russian, English abstract).
14. Chebotok, E.M., & Volozhanina, L.V. (2017). Results of collection sorting of selected seedlings of black currant breeding FSBSI Sverdlovsk breeding station of horticulture of ARHIBAN. In Ecological and biological problems of using natural resources in agriculture: Proc. Int. Sci Conf. of Young Scientists and Specialists. (pp. 101-104). Ekaterinburh: Uralskoe izdatelstvo (In Russian).
15. Chebotok, E.M. (2017). The results of the study of the genetic collection of black currant FSBSI Sverdlovsk breeding station of horticulture of ARHIBAN on the signs that determine the economic value. Breeding, seed production and technology of fruit, berries, vegetables and potatoes, 175-183 (In Russian).
NURSERY AND AN AGROTECHNICS OF FRUIT CROPS
Abstract
Tashmatova, L.V., Matzneva, O.V., Shakhov, V.V., & Khromova, T.M. (2018). Features of the first stage of clonal micropropagation of immune apple varieties. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 114-121. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10315 (In Russian, English abstract).
The following factors: sterilizing agents, the period of introduction into a sterile culture, the source material, phenol oxidation of the nutrient medium and explants, the composition of the nutrient medium are influenced on the survival rate of explants. The studies were carried out in the biotechnology laboratory at VNIISPK in 2016—2018. Immune apple varieties Bolotovskoye, Imrus, Orlovskoye Polesie and Candil Orlovsky were used as objects of studies. The explants cultivation was conducted on nutrient media Murasige-Skuga and Kvorina-Lepuavra on the background of 0.5 mg/l 6-BAP. The duration of cultivation is three weeks. The main goal of the research was to study optimal conditions for high yield of sterile viable apple explants. The influence of sterilizing agents, periods of introduction to culture in vitro and source material on the survival rate and development of explants was studied. When studying the influence of 0.1% solutions of mertiolate and sublimate on the yield of sterile and viable explants, no significant differences between two sterilizing agents were revealed. The high survival rate of explants was determined in isolation during the period of active growth (June). It was found that the top of the growing shoot was the best of the source material. To avoid the negative influence of phenolics, 10 ml/l of ascorbic acid were added to the nutrient medium as well as explants were kept in 3% solution of ascorbic acid during the whole time of isolation. Secretion of phenols was 100%. When re-transplanting to a fresh nutrient medium, oxidation was not observed. This increased the yield of viable explants. 97.7% of explants were obtained in Candil Orlovsky, 86.7% – in Orlovskoye Polesie, 79.6% – in Bolotovskoye and 80.0% – in Imrus.
The following factors: sterilizing agents, the period of introduction into a sterile culture, the source material, phenol oxidation of the nutrient medium and explants, the composition of the nutrient medium are influenced on the survival rate of explants. The studies were carried out in the biotechnology laboratory at VNIISPK in 2016—2018. Immune apple varieties Bolotovskoye, Imrus, Orlovskoye Polesie and Candil Orlovsky were used as objects of studies. The explants cultivation was conducted on nutrient media Murasige-Skuga and Kvorina-Lepuavra on the background of 0.5 mg/l 6-BAP. The duration of cultivation is three weeks. The main goal of the research was to study optimal conditions for high yield of sterile viable apple explants. The influence of sterilizing agents, periods of introduction to culture in vitro and source material on the survival rate and development of explants was studied. When studying the influence of 0.1% solutions of mertiolate and sublimate on the yield of sterile and viable explants, no significant differences between two sterilizing agents were revealed. The high survival rate of explants was determined in isolation during the period of active growth (June). It was found that the top of the growing shoot was the best of the source material. To avoid the negative influence of phenolics, 10 ml/l of ascorbic acid were added to the nutrient medium as well as explants were kept in 3% solution of ascorbic acid during the whole time of isolation. Secretion of phenols was 100%. When re-transplanting to a fresh nutrient medium, oxidation was not observed. This increased the yield of viable explants. 97.7% of explants were obtained in Candil Orlovsky, 86.7% – in Orlovskoye Polesie, 79.6% – in Bolotovskoye and 80.0% – in Imrus.
References
1. Atroshchenko, G.P., Kostitsyn, V.V. & Nedelyuev, A.L. (2001). Recommendations for production of healthy planting material of strawberry. Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University. (In Russian).
2. Vysotskiy, V.A. (2011). Biotechnological methods in up-to-date gardening. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 26, 3-10. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Dolgikh, S.G. (2004). Propagation and growing of apple trees in true-rooted culture. Horticulture and viticulture, 5, 14-17. (In Russian).
4. Anonymous (2003). Clonal micro propagation of fruit and berry crops. Tutorial. Voronezh: Voronezh State Agrarian University. (In Russian).
5. Kukharchik, N.V., Kastritskaya, M.S., Semenas, S.E, Kolbanova, E.V., Krasinskaya, T.A., Volosevich, N.N., Solovei, O.V., Zmushko, A.A., Bozhidai, T.N., Rundya, A.P. & Malinovskaya, A.M. (2016). Reproduction of fruit and berry plants in culture in vitro. Minsk: Belaruskaya navuka. (In Russian).
6. Leontiev-Orlov, O.A., Trushechkin, V.T. & Vysotsky, V.A. (1988). Features of cultivation of isolated apple apexes. In Fruit-growing in the Non-Chernozem zone: NIZISNP Col. (pp. 21-30). (In Russian).
7. Leonova, N.V. (2013). Optimization of the nutrient medium composition during strawberry propagation in vitro. Vestnik of the Bryansk State Agricultural Academy, 1, 45-48. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Matushkina, O.V. & Pronina, I.N. (2008). Technology of clonal apple and pear micropropagation (methodical recommendations). Michurinsk: VSTISP. (In Russian).
9. Minaev, V.A., Verzilin, V.A. & Vysotsky, V.A. (2003). Clonal micro propagation of low-sized clone apple rootstocks of MGAU breeding. Horticulture and viticulture, 5, 12-13. (In Russian).
10. Shevelukha, V.C., Kalashnikova, E.À., Degtyarev, S.V., Kochieva, E.Z., Prokofiev, M.I., Novikov, N.N., Kovalev, V.M., & Kalashnikov, D.V. (1998). Agricultural biotechnology. Moscow: High School. (In Russian).
Abstract
Korneeva, S.A., Sedov, E.N., Yanchuk, T.V., & Serova, Z.M. (2018). Columnar apple cultivars of VNIISPK, their variety-rootstock combinations and planting schemes. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 122-130. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10316 (In Russian, English abstract).
Intensification of horticulture involves the use of fast-growing, productive and compact trees that facilitate the rapid circulation of capital. In this respect, columnar apple trees are the most promising ones. A number of columnar apple cultivars (Priokskoye, Poezia, Sozvezdie, Vostorg, Girlianda, Zvezda Efira, Orlovskaya Yesenia and Pamiaty Blynskogo) have been released at VNIISPK. These cultivars are characterized by high economical valuable traits: fast fruit-bearing, productivity, perfect taste qualities of fruit and immunity to scab. Four cultivars have been included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted for use in the Central and Central-Chernozem regions of Russia: Priokskoye (in 2014), Poezia (in 2015), Vostorg (in 2016) and Girlianda (in 2018). All varieties enter fruiting in the second year after budding on dwarf rootstocks (62-396 and 3-17-38) and in the third year on semi-dwarf rootstock (3-4-98). In the framework of the development of optimal technology of columnar cultivar cultivation providing the reduction of expenses on establishing and cultivation of such a garden, the behavior of the columnar cultivars of VNIISPK breeding is studied at their cultivation with the use of various variety-rootstock combinations and tree planting schemes. Studies have shown that the average yield on 62-396 dwarf rootstock is 36400 kg/ha, on 3-4-98 skeleton it is 29660 kg/ha and on the insert 3-4-98 it is 10330 kg/ha. When grown on the insert 3-17-38, early fruiting of columnar cultivars is higher than on 62-396 insert: 75.9% and 44.1%, respectively.
Intensification of horticulture involves the use of fast-growing, productive and compact trees that facilitate the rapid circulation of capital. In this respect, columnar apple trees are the most promising ones. A number of columnar apple cultivars (Priokskoye, Poezia, Sozvezdie, Vostorg, Girlianda, Zvezda Efira, Orlovskaya Yesenia and Pamiaty Blynskogo) have been released at VNIISPK. These cultivars are characterized by high economical valuable traits: fast fruit-bearing, productivity, perfect taste qualities of fruit and immunity to scab. Four cultivars have been included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted for use in the Central and Central-Chernozem regions of Russia: Priokskoye (in 2014), Poezia (in 2015), Vostorg (in 2016) and Girlianda (in 2018). All varieties enter fruiting in the second year after budding on dwarf rootstocks (62-396 and 3-17-38) and in the third year on semi-dwarf rootstock (3-4-98). In the framework of the development of optimal technology of columnar cultivar cultivation providing the reduction of expenses on establishing and cultivation of such a garden, the behavior of the columnar cultivars of VNIISPK breeding is studied at their cultivation with the use of various variety-rootstock combinations and tree planting schemes. Studies have shown that the average yield on 62-396 dwarf rootstock is 36400 kg/ha, on 3-4-98 skeleton it is 29660 kg/ha and on the insert 3-4-98 it is 10330 kg/ha. When grown on the insert 3-17-38, early fruiting of columnar cultivars is higher than on 62-396 insert: 75.9% and 44.1%, respectively.
References
1. Yesichev, S.T. (2009). Results of study of columnar apple cultivars at Kaluga GSU. In The development of adaptive intensive orchard on reduced inserted rootstocks: Proc. Intern. Sci. Conf. (pp.278-291).Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
2. Kachalkin, M.V. (2003). Formation of crown of columnar apple trees as one of the ways of apple use in the super dense orchard. In A role of cultivars and new technologies in the intensive orchard (pp. 135-137). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
3. Kachalkin, M.V. (2003). Productivity of columnar apples due to the density of plants and the use of rootstocks. In State and prospects of development of non-traditional cultures: Proc. Intern. Sci. Conf. (pp. 329-333). Michurinsk. (In Russian).
4. Kichina, V.V. (2002). Columnar apples trees. All about columnar type of apple trees. Moscow: VSTISP. (In Russian)
5. Kichina, V.V. (2006). Columnar apples trees. All about columnar type of apple trees. Ed. 2. Moscow: VSTISP. (In Russian)
6. Korneeva, S.A. (2014). Cultivars of columnar apples of VNIISPK breeding and cultivation technology. Pomiculture and small fruit culture in Russia, 39, 110-114. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Pavlukova, T.M. (2003). Economical efficiency of growing columnar apples in the south of CChR: Proc.Russian Sci. Conf. (pp. 36-40). Michurinsk. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Poliakova, N.A. (2002). Economical and biological features of columnar apples in the south of the Central Chernozem Region: (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Michurinsk. (In Russian).
9. Pshenichny, N.V. (2009). Biology and fast fruit-bearing of columnar apple trees depending on a rootstock in the conditions of the Black sea zone of the Central subzone of Krasnodar Krai. In Subtropical and southern horticulture of Russia: Proc. Sci. Conf. (pp. 290-295). Sochy. (In Russian).
10. Sedov, E.N., Kalinina, I.P. & Smykov, V.K. (1995). Apple breeding. In E.N. Sedov (ed.) Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding (pp. 159-200). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
11. Sedov, E.N., Krasova, N.G., Zhdanov, V.V., Dolmatov, E.A. & Mozhar, N.V. (1999). Pip crops (apple, pear, common quince). In E.N. Sedov & T.P.Ogoltzova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 253-255). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
12. Sedov, E.N., Korneeva, S.A. & Serova, Z.M. (2013). Columnar apples in the intensive orchard. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian, English abstract).
Abstract
Leonicheva, E.V., Roeva, T.A., & Leontieva, L.I. (2018). Some features of calcium dynamics in the “apple fruit - leaves - shoots” system. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 131-138. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10317 (In Russian, English abstract).
The dynamics of calcium concentrations in apple fruit, leaves and one-year-old shoots were studied in the field experiment with mature ‘Sinap Orlovsky’ apple trees on intercalary stock 3-4-98 during the growing seasons in 2013-2015. The experimental orchard was situated at forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland (Orel region) with loamy gray forest soil. The exchangeable Ca content in soil was high – 14.8 ± 0,5mmol+/100 g. The separate and combined foliar nutrient treatments with H3BO3 (0,1%), K2SO4 (0,3%) and CaCl2 (1%) were applied five times during the vegetation period. Leaf samples were collected in late July, fruit samples – at harvest. One- year-old shoots were collected twice every year: in January and in March. The results showed that meteorological conditions and yield load were the main factors affecting on calcium movement and redistribution in different parts of apple trees. The low leaf Ca content (1,00±0,05 % dry wt) was observed during two growing seasons. The presence of calcium in the composition of foliar fertilizers resulted in the essential rise of the leaf calcium content and essential reduce calcium concentration in one-year-old shoots during the two growing seasons. At the same time the treatments with CaCl2 (1%) led to the increase of apple fruit calcium content in fruitful year (52 kg/tree), but had the contrary effect in the poor yield growing season (12 kg/tree).
The dynamics of calcium concentrations in apple fruit, leaves and one-year-old shoots were studied in the field experiment with mature ‘Sinap Orlovsky’ apple trees on intercalary stock 3-4-98 during the growing seasons in 2013-2015. The experimental orchard was situated at forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland (Orel region) with loamy gray forest soil. The exchangeable Ca content in soil was high – 14.8 ± 0,5mmol+/100 g. The separate and combined foliar nutrient treatments with H3BO3 (0,1%), K2SO4 (0,3%) and CaCl2 (1%) were applied five times during the vegetation period. Leaf samples were collected in late July, fruit samples – at harvest. One- year-old shoots were collected twice every year: in January and in March. The results showed that meteorological conditions and yield load were the main factors affecting on calcium movement and redistribution in different parts of apple trees. The low leaf Ca content (1,00±0,05 % dry wt) was observed during two growing seasons. The presence of calcium in the composition of foliar fertilizers resulted in the essential rise of the leaf calcium content and essential reduce calcium concentration in one-year-old shoots during the two growing seasons. At the same time the treatments with CaCl2 (1%) led to the increase of apple fruit calcium content in fruitful year (52 kg/tree), but had the contrary effect in the poor yield growing season (12 kg/tree).
References
1. Dospehov, B.A. (1985). Field experiment method (with statistic processing of investigation results). Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
2. Kuzin, A.I. (2017). Influence of fertigation, drip irrigation and foliar nutrition on productivity of apple trees, fruit quality and soil properties in intensive orchard of the central chernozem region. Polythematic online scientific journal of Kuban State Agrarian University, 130, 958-974. https://doi.org/10.21515/1990-4665-130-070 (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Leonicheva, E.V., Roeva, T.A., Leontieva, L.I., & Vetrova, O.A. (2015). Varietal features of potassium nutrition of apple under foliar fertilization. Horticulture and viticulture, 5, 35–41. (In Russian, English abstract).
4. Leonicheva, E.V., Roeva, T.A., Leontieva, L.I., & Vetrova, O.A. (2014). Influence of foliar spray on the content of potassium and calcium in apple fruits. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 40 (2), 151-154. (In Russian, English abstract).
5. Mineev, V.G. (Ed.) (1989). Practice work on agrochemistry. Moscow: MGU. (In Russian).
6. Prichko, T.G. & Smelik, T.L. (2015). Assessment of efficiency of new preparations contained calcium in the fight against of apple bitter pits. Scientific publications of FSBSO NCRRIH&V, 7, 143-146. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Sidorova, I.A., Salina, E.S., & Levgerova, N.S. (2016). Ñalcium content in fruit of different apple varieties as a technological index of raw material for processing. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 27-32. Retrieved from: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2016/3/34.pdf (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Trunov, Yu.V. (2013). Mineral nutrition and fertilizing of apple. Voronezh, Kvarta. (In Russian).
9. Biggs, A.R., & Peck, G.M. (2015). Managing Bitter Pit in ‘Honeycrisp’Apples Grown in the MidAtlantic United States with Foliar-applied Calcium Chloride and Some Alternatives. HortTechnology, 25(3), 385–391.
10. Hanger, B.C. (1979). The movment of calcium in plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 10(1-2), 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627909366887
11. Jemriñ, T., Fruk, I., Fruk, M., Radman, S., Sinkoviñ, L., & Fruk, G. (2016). Bitter pit in apples: pre-and postharvest factors: A review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016144-8491.
12. Roy, S., Gillen, G., Conway, W.S., Watada, A. E., & Wergin, W. E. (1995). Use of secondary ion mass spectrometry to image 44calcium uptake in the cell walls of apple fruit. Protoplasma, 189, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01280170
13. Terblanchea, J. H., Wooldridgea, L., Hesebecka, I., & Jouberta, M. (1979). The redistribution and immobilisation of calcium in apple trees with special reference to bitter pit. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 10(1-2), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627909366888
14. Watkins, C., Schupp, J., & Rosenberger, D. (2004). Calcium nutrition and control of calcium-related disorders. New York Fruit Quarterly, 12(2), 15-21. Retrieved from: nyshs.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/10/Calcium-Nutrition-and-Control-of-Calcium-related-Disorders.pdf
15. White, P.J., & Broadley, M.R. (2003). Calcium in Plants. Annals of Botany, 92, 487-511. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg164.
2. Kuzin, A.I. (2017). Influence of fertigation, drip irrigation and foliar nutrition on productivity of apple trees, fruit quality and soil properties in intensive orchard of the central chernozem region. Polythematic online scientific journal of Kuban State Agrarian University, 130, 958-974. https://doi.org/10.21515/1990-4665-130-070 (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Leonicheva, E.V., Roeva, T.A., Leontieva, L.I., & Vetrova, O.A. (2015). Varietal features of potassium nutrition of apple under foliar fertilization. Horticulture and viticulture, 5, 35–41. (In Russian, English abstract).
4. Leonicheva, E.V., Roeva, T.A., Leontieva, L.I., & Vetrova, O.A. (2014). Influence of foliar spray on the content of potassium and calcium in apple fruits. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 40 (2), 151-154. (In Russian, English abstract).
5. Mineev, V.G. (Ed.) (1989). Practice work on agrochemistry. Moscow: MGU. (In Russian).
6. Prichko, T.G. & Smelik, T.L. (2015). Assessment of efficiency of new preparations contained calcium in the fight against of apple bitter pits. Scientific publications of FSBSO NCRRIH&V, 7, 143-146. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Sidorova, I.A., Salina, E.S., & Levgerova, N.S. (2016). Ñalcium content in fruit of different apple varieties as a technological index of raw material for processing. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 27-32. Retrieved from: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2016/3/34.pdf (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Trunov, Yu.V. (2013). Mineral nutrition and fertilizing of apple. Voronezh, Kvarta. (In Russian).
9. Biggs, A.R., & Peck, G.M. (2015). Managing Bitter Pit in ‘Honeycrisp’Apples Grown in the MidAtlantic United States with Foliar-applied Calcium Chloride and Some Alternatives. HortTechnology, 25(3), 385–391.
10. Hanger, B.C. (1979). The movment of calcium in plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 10(1-2), 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627909366887
11. Jemriñ, T., Fruk, I., Fruk, M., Radman, S., Sinkoviñ, L., & Fruk, G. (2016). Bitter pit in apples: pre-and postharvest factors: A review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016144-8491.
12. Roy, S., Gillen, G., Conway, W.S., Watada, A. E., & Wergin, W. E. (1995). Use of secondary ion mass spectrometry to image 44calcium uptake in the cell walls of apple fruit. Protoplasma, 189, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01280170
13. Terblanchea, J. H., Wooldridgea, L., Hesebecka, I., & Jouberta, M. (1979). The redistribution and immobilisation of calcium in apple trees with special reference to bitter pit. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 10(1-2), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627909366888
14. Watkins, C., Schupp, J., & Rosenberger, D. (2004). Calcium nutrition and control of calcium-related disorders. New York Fruit Quarterly, 12(2), 15-21. Retrieved from: nyshs.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/10/Calcium-Nutrition-and-Control-of-Calcium-related-Disorders.pdf
15. White, P.J., & Broadley, M.R. (2003). Calcium in Plants. Annals of Botany, 92, 487-511. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg164.
Abstract
Vetrova, O.A. (2018). Agrotechnical methods of regulating the level of nickel in strawberry berries. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 139-146. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10318 (In Russian, English abstract).
The efficiency of agrotechnical methods of reducing the Ni flow in fruit of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) at technogenic pollution of the soils at the MAC level (gross contents of Nickel – 39.9 mg/kg) was studied in the field experiments on gray forest soils. The studies were carried out in 2007—2008 in Mzensk district of Orel region. Four strawberry cultivars were studied: Rubinovy Kulon, Mamochka, Bylinnaya and Bogema. The following agronomical practices were used: application of mineral fertilizers (N90P90K90), lime application (2 t/ha) and zeolite-bearing rock of Khotynetz deposit (15 and 25 t/ha). The studied strawberry cultivars differently responded to agricultural practices that reduce the flow of Nickel in the fruit. In Rubinovy Kulon the significant decrease in Ni concentration in the fruits was observed with the introduction of zeolite-bearing rock in the dose of 25 t/ha. In the Bylinnaya cultivar the least content of nickel was with the introduction of zeolite-bearing rock in the dose of 15 t/ha without mineral fertilizer application and 25 t/ha in combination with mineral fertilizers. The Mamochka cultivar did not show responsiveness to the chemical methods reducing receipt of nickel in fruits and was characterized by the smallest accumulation of the content of nickel in fruits. Bogema was characterized by high nickel accumulation in fruits among the studied strawberry cultivars. This cultivar positively reacted to all of the studied agro techniques that reduced the inickel receipt in fruits. The lowest nickel content in the fruits of this variety was in the variant with the introduction of 15 t/ha of zeolite-containing rock together with mineral fertilizers, which reduced the nickel content by 90% compared to the control.
The efficiency of agrotechnical methods of reducing the Ni flow in fruit of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) at technogenic pollution of the soils at the MAC level (gross contents of Nickel – 39.9 mg/kg) was studied in the field experiments on gray forest soils. The studies were carried out in 2007—2008 in Mzensk district of Orel region. Four strawberry cultivars were studied: Rubinovy Kulon, Mamochka, Bylinnaya and Bogema. The following agronomical practices were used: application of mineral fertilizers (N90P90K90), lime application (2 t/ha) and zeolite-bearing rock of Khotynetz deposit (15 and 25 t/ha). The studied strawberry cultivars differently responded to agricultural practices that reduce the flow of Nickel in the fruit. In Rubinovy Kulon the significant decrease in Ni concentration in the fruits was observed with the introduction of zeolite-bearing rock in the dose of 25 t/ha. In the Bylinnaya cultivar the least content of nickel was with the introduction of zeolite-bearing rock in the dose of 15 t/ha without mineral fertilizer application and 25 t/ha in combination with mineral fertilizers. The Mamochka cultivar did not show responsiveness to the chemical methods reducing receipt of nickel in fruits and was characterized by the smallest accumulation of the content of nickel in fruits. Bogema was characterized by high nickel accumulation in fruits among the studied strawberry cultivars. This cultivar positively reacted to all of the studied agro techniques that reduced the inickel receipt in fruits. The lowest nickel content in the fruits of this variety was in the variant with the introduction of 15 t/ha of zeolite-containing rock together with mineral fertilizers, which reduced the nickel content by 90% compared to the control.
References
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2. Vetrova, O.A., & Mertvisheva, M.E. Zeolite effect on heavy metal content in soil in strawberry cultivation under conditions of technogenic pollution. In Complex application of chemicalization means in adaptive-landscape agriculture (pp 35-38). Moscow: VNIIA. (In Russian).
3. Vetrova, O.A., Kuznetzov, M.N., Leonicheva, E.V., Motyleva, S.M., & Mertvisheva, M.E. (2014). Accumulation of heavy metals in the strawberry plants grown in conditions of anthropogenic pollution. Agricultural biology, 5, 113-119. (In Russian, English abstract).
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5. Bednarek, W., Tkaczyk, P., & Dresler, S. (2006). Content of heavy metals as a criterium of the quality of strawberry fruit and soil properties. Polish Journal of Soil Science, 39(2),165-174.
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19. Skurikhin, I.M., & Volgarev, M.N. (Ed). (1987). Chemical composition of food products. Moscow: Agropromiszdat. (In Russian).
Abstract
Mursalimova, G.R. (2018). The use of plant growth regulators in the propagation of rootstocks of fruit crops. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 147-153. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10319 (In Russian, English abstract).
The success of reproduction of undersized rootstocks lignified cuttings is determined by numerous factors, the most important of which were the quality of cuttings, especially varieties and the impact of plant growth regulators. The use of growth promoters in vegetative reproduction contributes to the improvement of seedling production technology, the fundamental criterion of which is to obtain a certified planting material. Studies have shown that the drugs used simultaneously stimulate the growth, development and physiological processes of plants, increase the ability to adapt to adverse environmental factors. The maximum stimulating effect of the regulators was observed on the rootstock of Ural 8. In the variant "Ribav-Extra" under the influence of the drug rooting increased by 34%, the number of roots increased by 10%, respectively, the total length of the root system increased by 9.5 cm. when using the growth and development regulator "Zircon" rooting increased by 42%, the number of roots increased by 15%, respectively, the total length of the root system increased by 15 cm. Significant stimulatory effect was observed on the rootstock Ural 3, when using plant growth regulators in the rooting of woody cuttings grew by 28% (Ribav-Extra) – 41% (Zircon), the number of roots of hardwood cuttings was increased by 7% (Ribav-Extra) – 12% (Zirconia). A high stimulating effect when using drugs was noted on the rootstock Ural56: a high percentage of rooting lignified cuttings (72.6—80.0%), the total length of the roots (97.5—106.5 cm). Based on the study of the influence of plant growth and development regulators Zircon and Ribav Extra on vegetatively propagated clonal rootstocks Ural 56, Ural 8, Ural 3, 54-118 and Ural 6 revealed a stimulating effect on the regeneration and rooting of lignified cuttings, found a total positive effect on the morphometric parameters of clonal rootstocks and qualitative indicators of development of seedlings.
The success of reproduction of undersized rootstocks lignified cuttings is determined by numerous factors, the most important of which were the quality of cuttings, especially varieties and the impact of plant growth regulators. The use of growth promoters in vegetative reproduction contributes to the improvement of seedling production technology, the fundamental criterion of which is to obtain a certified planting material. Studies have shown that the drugs used simultaneously stimulate the growth, development and physiological processes of plants, increase the ability to adapt to adverse environmental factors. The maximum stimulating effect of the regulators was observed on the rootstock of Ural 8. In the variant "Ribav-Extra" under the influence of the drug rooting increased by 34%, the number of roots increased by 10%, respectively, the total length of the root system increased by 9.5 cm. when using the growth and development regulator "Zircon" rooting increased by 42%, the number of roots increased by 15%, respectively, the total length of the root system increased by 15 cm. Significant stimulatory effect was observed on the rootstock Ural 3, when using plant growth regulators in the rooting of woody cuttings grew by 28% (Ribav-Extra) – 41% (Zircon), the number of roots of hardwood cuttings was increased by 7% (Ribav-Extra) – 12% (Zirconia). A high stimulating effect when using drugs was noted on the rootstock Ural56: a high percentage of rooting lignified cuttings (72.6—80.0%), the total length of the roots (97.5—106.5 cm). Based on the study of the influence of plant growth and development regulators Zircon and Ribav Extra on vegetatively propagated clonal rootstocks Ural 56, Ural 8, Ural 3, 54-118 and Ural 6 revealed a stimulating effect on the regeneration and rooting of lignified cuttings, found a total positive effect on the morphometric parameters of clonal rootstocks and qualitative indicators of development of seedlings.
References
1. Vakulenko, V.V. (2014). The role of growth regulators in improving the efficiency of nursery and horticulture. Protection and quarantine of plants, 4, 62-65. (In Russian)
2. Dospekhov, B.A. (1985). Methods of the Field Experiment. Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
3. Malevannaya, N.N. (2010). Plant growth regulators in agricultural production. Fertility, 1, 29-33. (In Russian)
4. Gronsky, I. (ed). (1980). Methods of clone rootstock study in the Baltic Republics and Byelorussian SSR. Elgava: LSKhA. (In Russian).
5. Mursalimova, G.R. (2016). Influence of growth regulators of new generation for the development of the cultivated plant. Bulletin of the Orenburg Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4, 11. https://doi.org/10.24411/2304-9081-2018-14004 (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Mursalimova, G.R. (2016). Effect of new generation preparations on morphometric parameters of plants development. Izvestia Orenburg State Agrarian University, 5, 141-143. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Mursalimova, G.R. (2017). Physiological aspects of the effectiveness of biological growth regulators on apple trees growth and development. Izvestia Orenburg State Agrarian University, 2, 213-215. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Lobanov, G.A. (ed.) (1973). Program and methods of variety trials of fruit, berry and nut crops. Michurinsk, VNIIS. (In Russian).
9. Sedov E.N., Krasova N.G., Zhdanov V.V., Dolmatov E.A. & Mozhar N.V. (1999). Pip crops (apple, pear, common quince). In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 253–255). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian)..
10. Prusakova, L.D., Malevannaya, N.N., Belopuhova, S.L. & Vakulenko, V.V. (2005). Plant growth regulators with antistress and immunoprotecting properties. Agricultural chemistry, 11, 76-86. (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Sychev, V.G. (2018). Prospects for the use of new agrochemicals in modern agricultural technologies. In Prospects for the use of innovative forms of fertilizers, means of protection and plant growth regulators in agricultural agricultural technologies: Proc. Sci. Conf. (pp. 3-6). Moscow: Plodorodie. (In Russian).
12. Sychev, V.G., Shapoval, O.A., Mozharova, I.P., Verevkina, T.M., Muhina, M.T., Korshunov, A.A., Lazareva, A.S., Grabovskaya, T.Yu., & Verevkin, E.L. (2016). Guidelines for registration tests of plant growth regulators, defoliants and desiccants in agriculture. Moscow: Rosinformagrotekh. (In Russian)
13. Tarasenko, M.P., Gulko, I.P. (1985). Guidelines for the primary study of clonal rootstocks of apple trees in the garden. Kiev. (In Russian)
14. Tarasenko, M.T. (1991). Green cuttings of garden and forest crops. Moscow: MSKHA. (In Russian)
15. Tarasenko, M.T. (1967). Reproduction of plants by green cuttings. Moscow: Kolos. (In Russian)
16. Wallschlager, D., Desai, M.V., & Wilken, R.D. (1996). The role of humic substances in the aqueous mobilization of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils. Water, air, and soil pollution, 90(3-4), 507-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282665.
17. Lukatkin, A.S., Mokshin, E.V., & da Silva, J.A.T. (2017). Use of alternative plant growth regulators and carbon sources to manipulate Dianthus caryophyllus L. shoot induction in vitro. Rendiconti Lincei, 28(3), 583-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-017-0623-1.
ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE
Abstract
Khromova,T.M. (2018). An overview of the flora of the cities of Orel region and recommendations for improving its condition. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 154-162. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2312-6701-2018-10320 (In Russian, English abstract).
Data on the current state of urban flora and the forecast of its changes are necessary for a comprehensive study of the nature of the region, assessment of the environmental situation and organization of monitoring in the study area, as well as the optimization of the urban environment. 1054 species of vascular plants belonging to 103 families have been revealed as a result of monitoring of biodiversity of various biotopes of the cities of the Orel region, thus as a part of the analyzed indigenous and synanthropic fractions of flora there are 926 species belonging to 90 families. Detailed taxonomic characteristic of the urban flora of the Orel region has been showed the predominance in the spectrum of the leading families of 15 taxones (629 species, 68%). Asteraceae (110 species), Poaceae (83 species), Rosaceae (73 species), Fabaceae (50 species) are the leading families of urban flora. Biomorphological analysis has been showed that the spectrum of life forms is dominated by perennial herbaceous plants (about 60%), also proportion of annual plants (more than 20%) is a high, which is associated with the transformation of natural biotopes. Ecological and phytocenotic analyses have been showed that the flora of the majority of urban biotopes has a clear mesophytic character (78% of species – mesophytes). It is revealed that the synanthropic component is played a significant role in the formation of urban flora in both natural and anthropogenic biotopes, in which the proportion of adventive plants is sufficiently high. There are 298 species of adventive plants in urban flora of the cities of the Orel region, most of which are «new» unintentionally listed plants, steadily entrenched in the flora. Monitoring of the ecological status of different phytocenoses has shown that the transformation of flora reflected in the formation of the synanthropic nucleus affects all plant communities.
Data on the current state of urban flora and the forecast of its changes are necessary for a comprehensive study of the nature of the region, assessment of the environmental situation and organization of monitoring in the study area, as well as the optimization of the urban environment. 1054 species of vascular plants belonging to 103 families have been revealed as a result of monitoring of biodiversity of various biotopes of the cities of the Orel region, thus as a part of the analyzed indigenous and synanthropic fractions of flora there are 926 species belonging to 90 families. Detailed taxonomic characteristic of the urban flora of the Orel region has been showed the predominance in the spectrum of the leading families of 15 taxones (629 species, 68%). Asteraceae (110 species), Poaceae (83 species), Rosaceae (73 species), Fabaceae (50 species) are the leading families of urban flora. Biomorphological analysis has been showed that the spectrum of life forms is dominated by perennial herbaceous plants (about 60%), also proportion of annual plants (more than 20%) is a high, which is associated with the transformation of natural biotopes. Ecological and phytocenotic analyses have been showed that the flora of the majority of urban biotopes has a clear mesophytic character (78% of species – mesophytes). It is revealed that the synanthropic component is played a significant role in the formation of urban flora in both natural and anthropogenic biotopes, in which the proportion of adventive plants is sufficiently high. There are 298 species of adventive plants in urban flora of the cities of the Orel region, most of which are «new» unintentionally listed plants, steadily entrenched in the flora. Monitoring of the ecological status of different phytocenoses has shown that the transformation of flora reflected in the formation of the synanthropic nucleus affects all plant communities.
References
1. Bulgakov, I. L. (2013). Flora of Orel town. (Biol. Sci. Cand. Thesis). I.G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University, Bryansk, Russia. (In Russian).
2. Emelyanova, O.Y. & Khromova, T.M. (2015). The natural biotopes of Orel region towns. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 4, 97-104. URL: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2015/4/76.pdf (in Russian, English abstract).
3. Ilminskikh, N.G. (1994). Ecotopological structure of the urban flora. In Urgent problems of comparative study of floras: Proc. III work meeting for comparative floristic (pp. 269-276). Saint Petersburg: Nauka. (In Russian).
4. Ilminskikh, N.G., & Tarasova, M.E. (1992). For the protection of phytogenetic fund of the urban flora. Bulletin of Udmurt state University, 3, 90-93. (In Russian).
5. Ishbirdina, M.L., & Ishbirdin, A.R. (1992). Urbanization as a factor of anthropogenic evolution of flora and vegetation. Journal of general biology, 53(2), 211-224. (In Russian).
6. Lepeshkina, L.A. (2007). Biogeographical regularities of formation of the flora of the Voronezh urban district (Geograph. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Voronezh state University, Voronezh, Russia. (In Russian).
7. Fomina, O.V. & Tokhtar, V.K. (2010). The structure of flora of urban aglomeration of Belgorod. Belgorod State University Scientific Bulletin. Natural sciences, 21(13), 28-32. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Khamitova, S.M., & Avdeev, Yu.M. (2015). Recreational function of plantings in the urbanized environment. In Fundamental and applied science – 2015: Proc. Sci. Conf. (pp. 195-197). Science and Education LTD. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Khromova, T.M., Emelyanova, O.Yu., & Tsoi, M.F. (2016). Environmental evaluation of the woody vegetation of decorative group of cultivated biotopes of Orel region cities. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 46, 409-412. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Khromova, T.M. Emelyanova, O.Yu., & Kondrashkin, A.Yu. (2017). Partial flora of ruderal biotopes in towns of Orel region. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 4, 121-130. https:/doi.org/10.24411/2218-5275-2017-00042 (In Russian, English abstract).