Since 2024, the journal has been published on the National Platform of Periodical Scientific Publications of the Russian Center for Scientific Research https://journals.rcsi.science/2312-6701/index
Brief descriptions of economically valuable characteristics in 45 apple varieties of VNIISPK breeding are given in this report. The long-term study of apple varieties made it possible to select donors and sources of valuable traits from a large set of varieties. Afrodita, Bolotovskoe, Veniaminovskoe, Vostorg, Zdorovie, Ivanovskoe, Kandil Orlovsky, Kurnakovskoe, Orlovskoe Polesie, Pamiati Hitrovo, Svezhest, Sozvezdie, Solnyshko, Stroevskoe and Jubiley Moskvy have been selected as donors of immunity to scab. Vostorg, Girlianda, Orlovskaya Yesenia, Poezia and Priokskoe have been selected as donors of columnar tree habit. Bolotovskoe, Veteran, Girlianda, Imrus, Orlik, Ranneye Aloe, Sozvezdie, Sokovinka and Yubiley Moskvy can be sources of higher winter hardiness. Columnar apple varieties of the Institute as well as Veteran, Svezhest and Utrennya Zvezda – are sources of high productivity. Blagodat, Zhelannoe, Morozovskoe, Orlovskoe Polosatoe, Pamiat Voinu and Slavianin – high marketable qualities of fruit; Afrodita, Blagodat, Veniaminovskoe, Veteran, Orlik, Osipovskoe, etc. – high taste qualities of fruit; Veteran, Imrus, Kulikovskoe and Svezhest – durable fruit storage; Zarianka, Pepin Orlovsky, Veteran, Ivanoskoe and Vita – higher content of ascorbic acid in fruit (14,5–21,4 mg/100 g); Afrodita, Radost Nadezhdy, Bolotovskoe, Vita, Kandil Orlovsky, Pamiati Hitrovo, Pamit Semakinu, Utrenya Zvezda and Chistotel – high content of P-active substances in fruit (over 450 mg/100 g); Bolotovskoe, Orlovim, Orlinka, Osipovskoe, Priokskoe, Rozhdestvenskoe, Girlianda and Vostorg – sources of variety suitability for juice production. Some of the enlisted varieties are already successfully used in Russia and other countries as donors or sources when developing varieties of a new generation.
2. Sedov, E.N., Kalinina I.P. & Smykov, V.K. (1995). Apple breeding. In E.N. Sedov (ed.) Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding (pp. 159–200). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
3. Sedov, E.N., Krasova, N.G., Zhdanov, V.V., Dolmatov, E.A. & Mozhar, N.V. (1999). Pip crops (apple, pear, common quince). In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 253–399). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
4. Sedov, E.N. (2011). Breeding and new apple varieties. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
5. Sedov, E.N., Sedysheva, G.A., Makarkina, M.A., Levgerova, N.S., Serova, Z.M., Korneyeva, S.A., Gorbacheva, N.G., Salina, E.S., Yanchuk, T.V., Pikunova, A.V. & Ozherelieva, Z.E. (2015). The innovations in apple genome modification opening new prospects in breeding. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
6. Sedov, E.N., Serova, Z.M., Sedysheva G.M. & Makarkina M.A. (2016). Priority trends in breeding. New apple cultivars for industrial and for amateur horticulture. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
Genetic collections of plant material are a bank of gene diversity and fundament for breeding work.
The tradition of collecting, preserving and estimation of apple genetic collection is maintained at the oldest pomological institution Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK). The bases of the genetic collections are apple varieties and genotypes from different environmental and geographical areas of various genetic origins including local Central Russian and Volga varieties, new selected varieties of the Central horticultural areas of Russia, the Urals, Siberia, Ukraine, Belarus as well as West-European and American varieties. Collections are constantly updated due to new domestic and foreign varieties as well as through the creation of new varieties, sources and donors of valuable traits in the Institute. The apple variety study allowed estimating the genotypes for winter hardiness, resistance to diseases, early fruiting, and productivity, marketability and consumer qualities of fruit, suitability for intensive orchards. As a result of the phenotypic estimation of genotypes, the sources of economically valuable traits have been selected and their donor qualities are tested. The varieties have been allocated as sources of very early fruiting, annual yield, high marketability and harmonious taste of fruit. The leading apple varieties of the world assortment (Idared, Breburn, Granny Smith, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, etc.) that are unsuitable for cultivation in the Central area of Russia are recommended for using as sources for creating varieties with durable storage life and high marketable and consumer qualities of fruit. Domestic scab immune (Vf) varieties Bolotovskoe, Imrus, Zdorovie, Svezhest, Veniaminovskoe, Solnyshko, etc.) have been developed as a result of using donors of oligogenic resistance to scab when crossing with highly adaptive Central Russian varieties. Use in breeding of sources of necessary traits allowed to create the varieties at the Institute combining immunity to scab and triploid set of chromosomes in one genotype – Aleksandr Boiko, Vavilovskoe, Zhilinskoe, Maslovskoe, Nikolay Saveliev, Prazdnichnoe, Spasskoe and Yablochny Spas. High plasticity and stability of Veteran, Mekanis, Buninskoe, Orlik and Kulikovskoe have been determined. These varieties are responsive to improved growing conditions and suitable for intensive orchards. The apple collection study opens new possibilities for using this collection in breeding and for the solution of problems of import substitution of the market with domestic fruits.
2. Dzyubenko, N. I. (2015). Genetic resources of cultivated plants as the basis for Russia’s food and environmental security. Herald of Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 85(1), 3-8. DOI: 10.7868/S0869587315010041. (In Russian).
3. Krasova, N.G., Ozherelieva, Z.E., Golyshkina, L.V., Makarkina, M.A. & Galasheva, A.M. (2014). Winter hardiness of apple cultivars (pp. 3–85). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
4. Krasova, N.G. (2016). The initial material for the creation of apple varieties of high quality. Horticulture & Viticulture, 3, 18–22. DOI: 10.18454/VSTISP.2016.3.1924 (In Russian, English abstract).
5. Krasova, N.G., Ozherelieva, Z.E. & Galasheva, A.M. (2017). Realization of the genetic potential of frost hardiness in apple hybrids of different ploidy. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 21(2), 214–221. DOI 10.18699/VJ17.239. (in Russian, English abstract).
6. Kozlovskaya, Z.A. (2004). Modern directions of apple breeding (review of foreign breeding programs). Fruit-growing, 16, 256–267. (In Russian, English abstract)
7. Kozlovskaya, Z.A., Militaru, M., Yakimovich, O.A. & Vasekha, V.V. (2014). Breeding value of Romanian gene plasma of seed cultures in Belarus. Fruit-growing, 26, 18–25. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Michurin, I.V. (1949). Results of 60-year work (pp. 71–168). Moscow : Ogiz. (In Russian).
9. Sedov, E.N., Krasova, N.G., Zhdanov, V.V., Dolmatov, E.A. & Mozhar, N.V. (1999). Pip crops (apple, pear, common quince). In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 253–399). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
10. Sedov, E.N. (2011). Breeding and new apple varieties. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
11. Sedov, E.N., Krasova, N.G. & Serova, Z.M. (2012). Genetic collection use in apple breeding at the VNIISPK. Horticulture and viticulture, 6, 18–21. (In Russian).
12. Tyurina, M.M., Krasova, N.G., Rezvyakova, S.V., Saveliev, N.I., Dzhigadlo, E.N. & Ogoltsova, T.P. (1999). Study of winter hardiness of fruit and berry cultivars under the field and laboratory conditions. In: E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (eds.). Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding (pp. 59-68). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
Due to unstable weather conditions the vegetation period of cultivated plants are exposed to complex stress factors. Breeding of cultivated plants resistant to stress factors of the environment is the main focus of ensuring economic efficiency of the nursery.
The research was carried out on the basis of FSBSI «Orenburg ESHV ARBTIHN». Weather conditions during the studies were extremely varied, which allowed assessing the adaptive capacity of clonal rootstocks. The object of the research was a promising variety of apple clonal rootstock ‘Ural 10’ bred at the Orenburg experimental station of horticulture and viticulture, zoned form 54-118 was taken as a control. The space of planting was 3.0 × 0.3 m. Plots were irrigated, agricultural practice was common for Orenburg region.
The article presents the results of the comparative evaluation of clonal rootstocks Ural 10 and 54-118 in the Urals steppe possessing a complex of valuable traits. Clonal rootstocks are distinguished by high adaptive abilities to the vegetation conditions, resistant to temperature stress and water deficit and highly resistant to low temperatures and winter desiccation. The testing of clonal rootstocks in critical climatic conditions of steppe zone of South Urals, allowed identifying the investigated rootstocks in the category of reliable productive forms, which are widely used in the industrial conditions of the region.
2. Mursalimova, G.R. (2012). Adaptability of clone apple rootstocks to abiotic stress-factors. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 29(2), 47–53. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Mursalimova, G.R. (2013). A role of genetic collection in the solution of priority and fundamental objectives in the horticulture of the Southern Urals. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 37(1), 237–244. (In Russian, English abstract).
4. Mursalimova, G.R. & Khardikova, S.V. (2014). Clonal rootstocks apple trees as fundamental bases of management of the plant breeding process in the conditions of Southern Ural. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 40(2), 208-211. (In Russian, English abstract).
5. Mursalimova, G.R. (2012). Genetic resources of vegetatively propagated apple rootstocks in conditions of the Urals. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 34(2), 55–61. (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Mursalimova, G.R. & Khardikova, S.V.(2012). Drought resistance of clonal rootstocks apple in the Southern Ural. Vestnik of the Orenburg State University, 6, 63–65. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Mursalimova, G.R. (2012). Adaptability of clone apple rootstocks to abiotic stress-factors Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 29(2), 47–53. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Mursalimova, G.R. (2014). Introduction of the clone rootstock genofund and its use to improve the Priuralye assortment. Izvestia Orenburg State Agrarian University, 6, 149–152. (In Russian, English abstract)
9. Mursalimova, G.R. (2015). Adaptive and productive varieties of clone apple rootstocks as alternative and competitive production at the world market. Works of the Kuban state agrarian university, 55, 165–169. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Lobanov, G.A. (ed.) (1973). Program and methods of variety trials of fruit, berry and nut crops. Michurinsk, VNIIS. (In Russian).
11. Anonymous (1995). Methods of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability. Official Bulletin of State commission. Moscow. (In Russian).
In this paper the long-term experimental studies were summarized on the breeding of a new black currant variety “Jubileyna Nadezhdy” during 1996–2017. The research results on the site of the primary study of “Jubileyna Nadezhda” are given in comparison with the best standard variety “Ianzhai”. Using a method of geographically distant hybridization, plant breeders created a highly winter-hardy, drought resistant black currant variety with high potential productivity, middle period of maturation, sweet-sour berries of multi-purpose. “Jubileyna Nadezhdy” has an advantage over the standard variety in many respects. The new variety has higher winter hardiness, drought tolerance, productivity and content of bio-active agents in the berries. As a result of the variety trials it was determined that “Jubileyna Nadezhdy” was resistant to the main diseases and pests, winter-hardy, self-fertilizing and cultivatable in conditions of sharply continental climate of Buryatia. For Buryatia growers black currant is the most common crop, well-adapted to the severe climate of Buryatia, early-maturing and rather productive.
2. Guseva, N.K., Batueva, M.Yu. & Vasilieva, N.A. (2016). Basic indicators of blackcurrant productivity and their inheritance features in breed. Bulletin of State agrarian University of Northern Urals,3(34), 55–60. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Guseva, N.K., Batueva, M.Yu. & Vasilieva, N.A. (2016). Catalogue of varieties of fruit, berry and ornamental crops. Ulan-Ude: Buryatia Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the RAS. (In Russian).
4. Guseva, N.K., Batueva, M.Yu. & Vasilieva, N.A. (2015). Breeding as basis of effectiveness in improving adaptive capacity of fruit and berry crops. In Innovative aspects of agronomy in enhancing plant productivity and product quality in Siberia: Proc. Sci. Conf. dedicated to the 100th anniversary of honored worker of science of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet socialist Republic, Professor N.V. Burnakova (pp. 53–55). Ulan-Ude: Filippov V.R. The Buryat state academy of agriculture. (In Russian).
5. Guseva, N.K., Vasilyeva, N.A.& Batueva, Yu.M. (2016). New berry crop varieties of Buryat selective breeding. Bulletin of the Altai state agrarian University, 4, 24–29. (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Guseva, N.K. & Vasilyeva, N.A. (2016). Breeding work on berry crops in the TRANS-Baikal region. In Modern problems of agricultural Sciences in the world: Proc. of III int. Sci. Conf. (pp. 7-11). Kazan: Innovative Center for the Development of Education and Science. (In Russian).
7. Knyazev, S.D. & Bayanova, L.V. (1999). Currants, gooseberries and their hybrids. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 351–373). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
The results of the long-term study of adaptive potential of sweet cherry genotypes in the Central Chernozem region of Russia are presented. Eight sweet cherry varieties developed at VNIISPK have been studied: Adelina, Orlovskaya Feya, Orlovskaya Rozovaya, Orlovskaya Yantarnaya, Podarok Orlu, Trosnyanskaya, Poezia, Malysh as well as 17 varieties from other research institutes: Zarya Vostoka, Novinka, Krasnaya Plotnaya, Fatezh, Donetsky Velikan, Odrinka, Irinka, Bryanskaya Rozovaya, Kompaktnaya, Desertnaya, Seyanetz Chernyshevskogo, Chermashnaya, Mak, Chereshnya iz Donetska, Bakhor, Venera and Valery Chkalov. As a result of the studies, the varieties that combine high winter hardiness and productivity have been reveled. They are: Trosnyanskaya, Zarya Vostoka, Orlovskaya Yantarnaya, Orlovskaya Rozovaya, Fatezh, Donetsky Velikan, Odrinka, Podarok Orlu, Bryanskaya Rozovaya, Seyanetz Chernyshevskogo and Adelina. Irinka, Novinka, Seyanetz Chernyshevskogo, Chermashnaya, Podarok Orlu, Orlovskaya Feya, Kompaktnaya, Odrinka and Trosnyanskaya have been allocated as resistant ones to fungal diseases. The varieties having high taste qualities have been revealed: Poezia, Orlovskaya Rozovaya, Donetsky Velikan, Odrinka, Kompaktnaya, Adelina, Mak, Fatezh, Irinka, Malysh and Podarok Orlu. The varieties with high marketable qualities have been determined: Poezia, Donetsky Velikan, Mak, Podarok Orlu, Chereshnya iz Donetska, Adelina and Odrinka. Podarok Orlu, Adelina, Trosnyanskaya, Seyanetz Chernyshevskogo, Odrinka, Orlovskaya Feya, Fatezh, Poezia, Donetsky Velikan, Chereshnya iz Donetska, Mak and Kompaktnaya have shown the most valuable traits, such as winter hardiness, productivity, resistance to fungal diseases and fruit quality. They are of great practical interest. The most of studied genotypes can be used in breeding for a particular valuable trait.
2. Kanshina, M.V. (2015). Resistance of cherry varieties and hybrids to unfavourable environment factors under Bryansk region conditions. In Northern cherry: Proc.III Russian Symp. for stone fruit crops. Cheliabinsk: Chelyabinsk House of Printing. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Dzigadlo, E.N., Guliaeva, A.A. & Efremova, V.A. (2002). Variety fund of sour, sweet cherry and its use in breeding. In Fruit crop breeding and variety agronomic practice (pp. 105–112). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
4. Dzhigadlo, E.N., Kolesnikova, A.F., Eremin, G.V., Morozova, T.V., Debiskaeva, S.Yu., Kanshina, M.V., Medvedeva, N.I. & Simagin, V.S. (1999). Stone fruit crops. In: Sedov E.N., Ogoltsova T.P. (eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 300–351). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
Cultivar breeding for stability to stress-factors of the environment is the basic direction providing economic efficiency of gardening. Winter hardiness and drought resistance are the leading factors, constraining a possibility of the commercial cultivation of fruit crops in the Urals, influencing on the productivity and quality indicators, therefore at creation of new varieties it is necessary to combine signs of adaptability and productivity in one hybrid.
A perspective golden currant variety ‘Uralskaya’ (1-2) developed at the Orenburg experimental station of gardening and viticulture was studied. The planting space was 5,0 × 2,0 m. ‘Laysan’ was used as a control variety. Sites were irrigated; the agricultural practice was standard for the Orenburg region.
For the period of studies the weather conditions were extremely varied, that allowed to estimate adaptable capacity of the promising golden currant. Regenerative capacity, efficiency and stability to diseases and pests were studied. As a result of studies of the hybrid collection a promising Golden currant variety ‘Uralskaya’ (1-2) was allocated with a complex of agronomic traits and with high potential productivity. ‘Uralskaya’ (1-2) is characterized by high winter hardiness, drought resistance, heat resistance, resistance to major diseases and pests, one-dimensional and not crumbling berries, high productivity that excesses the control by 10…15%.
2. Ivanova, E.A., Tihonova, M.A. & Mursalimova, G.R. (2017). Selected Ribes aureum Pursh forms in the conditions of South Ural. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 48, 121–124. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Genkel, P.A. (1982). Physiology of heat and drought resistance in plants. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
4. Gnusenkova, E.A. (2003). Biological features and resource assessment of Ribes aureum Pursh in the Urals (Biol. Sci Cand. Thesis). Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg, Russia. (In Russian).
5. Dzhurayeva, F.K. & Ivanova, E.A. (2013). Biochemical assessment of promising local forms of gold currant in the conditions of the Orenburg region. Vestnik of Orenburg state pedagogical university, 1 (5), 79-85. Retrieved from: http://vestospu.ru/archive/2013/articles/ dzhuraeva_ivanova_2013_1.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Dzhurayeva, F.K., Ivanova, E.A., Mursalimova, G.R., Avdeyeva, Z.A., Starodubceva, E.P. &Tihonova, M.A. (2016). Resistance to stress of forms and varieties of Ribes nigrum and Ribes aurum Pursh in conditions of Orenburg region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 44, 143-147. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Dospekhov, B.A. (1985). Methods of the field experiment (on the base of statistical processing of investigation results). Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
8. Eremeyev, G.N., Kushnirenko, M.D., Kurchatova, G.P. & Kryukova, E.V. (1975). Methods of the assessment of drought resistance of fruit plants. Kishinev. (In Russian).
9. Ivanova, E.A. (2014). Results of the study of local elite forms of golden currant ( Ribes aureum Pursh.) in the conditions of the Orenburg region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 40(2), 128–133. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Ivanova, E.A., Dzhurayeva, F.K. & Starodubceva, E.P. (2016). Promising form of Ribes aureum Pursh in conditions of the Southern Urals. Bulletin of the Orenburg Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, 5–13. (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Michurin, I.V. (1940). Pomological descriptions (Vol.2, pp. 285–289). Moscow, Leningrad: OGIZ, Selkhozgiz. (In Russian).
12. Knyazev, S.D. & Bayanova, L.V. (1999). Currants, gooseberries and their hybrids. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 351–373). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
13. Sankin, L.S. & Salykova, V.S. (2007). Golden currant breeding in Siberia. In Condition and prospects of the development of Siberian horticulture: Materials Sci. Conf. devoted to 110-anniversary from M.A. Lisavenko birthday (pp. 294–300). Barnaul. (In Russian).
14. Sorokopudov, V.N., Burmenko, Yu.V., Litvinova, L.S., Sorokopudova, O.A., Abdeyeva, M.G. & Nigmatzyanov, R.A. (2013). Methods of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability of golden currant. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 37(1), 297–308. (In Russian, English abstract).
15. Sorokopudov, V.N., Burmenko, YU.V., & Solovieva, A.E. (2008). Golden currant : Tutorial. Belgorod: BelGU
16. Shalimov, S.I. (1975). Golden currant at Rossosh fruit-berry experimental station. In Collection of works on breeding and agronomical practice of fruit and berry crops (pp. 25–28). Voronezh: Tsentr.-chernozem. kn. izd-vo. (In Russian).
17. Tyurina, M.M. (1976). Methods of assessment of plant resistance to the unfavorable environment (pp. 171–183). Moscow: Kolos. (In Russian).
Productivity components in 14 blackberry genotypes and autogamy in 9 of them were studied during three years (2015–2017). The results of the study are presented. Common methods of the research were used. Late autumn covering with agrotex material was used for plant protection against unfavorable winter conditions. It has been determined that the basic components of blackberry productivity are a number of berries in the raceme, berry weight and quantity of berries on the bush (for trailing and semi-erected genotypes) or on the cane (for erected genotypes). This is confirmed by a really high level of correlation of those parameters. Seven genotypes from 14 studied ones showed the highest productivity (over 10 t per hectare), while varieties Agavam and Thornfree had significantly higher yields than the other studied blackberry varieties. The majority of the studied genotypes has high autogamy and is suitable for one-variety plantings. However, with the same ploidy the degree of self-fertility of a number of genotypes is different that should be taken into account in the study of blackberry and recommendations for production.
2. Gruner, L.A. & Kuleshova, O.V. (2017). Blackberry winter hardiness with using winter covering and TUR retardant in conditions of Orel region. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 2, 1-9. Retrieved from http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2017/2/9.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Gruner, L.A. (1992). Biology features and economical value of blackberry cultivars and genotypes in conditions of the Northern Caucasus. (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Saint Petersburg, Russia. (In Russian
4. Dospekhov, B.A. (1985). Methods of the field experiment (on the base of statistical processing of investigation results). Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
5. Kazakov, I.V., Gruner, L.A. & Kichina, V.V. (1999). Raspberries, blackberries and their hybrids. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 374–395). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
6. Yakimov, V.V. (2010). Blackberry in Russia. Chelyabinsk: NGO “Garden and vegetable garden”. (In Russian).
7. Finn, C.E. & Strik, B.C. (2014). Blackberry Cultivars for Oregon. Retrieved from: http://berrygrape.org/files/caneberries/blackberry_cultivars.pdf.
8. John, R. Clark (2014). Blackberry Cultivar Development at the University of Arkansas. Retrieved from http://www.greatplainsgrowersconference.org/uploads/2/9/1/4/29140369/clark,_j_-_blackberry_cultivar_development.pdf .
The results of studies of hybrid cherry-plum at the Primorskaya fruit-berry experimental station ( Far-Eastern region), Belarusian Research Institute of Fruit-Growing, Crimear OSS and Moscow Agricultural Academy are presented in the article. The released plum assortment does not meet the production requirements in the Far-Eastern region. There are no varieties that could combine the reliable winter hardiness and productivity with high taste qualities of fruit. Most modern plum varieties in the conditions of monsoon climate of the Primorski Territory are susceptible to basic disease: shot hole, fruit rot and coccomyces. The genetic material of released plum varieties at the Far-Eastern region is limited- there are no genes of resistance to fungal diseases. The combination of winter hardiness and resistance to fungal diseases is a valuable characteristic of cherry-plum hybrids. In the State Register of plant-breeding achievements admitted for use in the Far-Eastern region there are 15 plum varieties of the Far-Eastern breeding, including 3 varieties of breeding of the Primorsky fruit-berry experimental station (Nadezhda Primoria, Sharovaya and Antonina). Two varieties of hybrid plum Primorochka and Romen were selected for passing to the State Variety Tests. These varieties possess high winter hardiness, productivity, resistance to fungal diseases and tasty fruit.
2. Dzhigadlo, E.N., Kolesnikova, A.F., Eremin, G.V., Morozova, T.V., Debiskaeva, S.Yu., Kanshina, M.V., Medvedeva, N.I. & Simagin, V.S. (1999). Stone fruit crops. In: Sedov E.N., Ogoltsova T.P. (eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 300–351). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
3. Yakovleva, V.V. (2016). The Introduction and sortoizucheny plums in Primorsky Krai. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 1, 31–35. (In Russian, English abstract). Retrieved from: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2016/1/6.pdf
The aim of the work was to reveal the features of adaptive characteristics in five ornamental apple genotypes – winter hardiness as well as drought and heat resistance. The results of the study of winter hardiness and drought and heat resistance of ornamental apple genotypes commonly used as rootstocks (57-366, 54-118, 3-4-98, 62-396 and 3-3-72) are presented. The studies were conducted at Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) in 2012–2014 with using modern classical methods: winter hardiness in the field and laboratory conditions, drought and heat resistance in the laboratory conditions. High winter hardiness of wood of annual increment in the field conditions was observed in all studied apple genotypes. Under the artificial freezing the best indications were observed in 2 genotypes (3-4-98 and 3-3-72) which possessed all four components of winter hardiness. 54-118 and 62-396 possessed three components (I, III and IV), while 57-366 had two components (I and IV). The average degree of resistance to the modeled drought was observed in all studied objects. 3-3-72 was unstable to the conditions of the modeled heat shock, while 57-366, 54-118, 3-4-98 and 62-396 showed the average level of resistance to the modeled heat shock. On set of adaptive qualities (winter hardiness, drought and heat resistance) one apple genotype 3-4-98 was allocated from 5 evaluated ornamental apple genotypes.
2. Kornilov, B.B. & Dolmatov, E.A. (2015). Winter hardiness of ornamental forms of apple and pear. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 41, 180-185. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Kornilov, B.B. & Dolmatov, E.A. (2014). Winter hardiness estimation of ornamental pome crops (apple, pear) by field method. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 19–24. Retrieved http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2014/3/34.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
4. Kornilov, B.B., Dolmatov, E.A. & Ozherelieva, Z.E. (2015). The results of study of draught and heat resistance of ornamental forms of pip crops (apple, pear) of the All Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding gene pool. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 41, 186-191. (In Russian, English abstract).
5. Krasova, N.G., Ozherelieva, Z.E., Golyshkina, L.V., Makarkina, M.A. & Galasheva, A.M. (2014). Winter hardiness of apple cultivars. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
6. Kushnerenko, M.D. , Goncharova, E.A. & Bondar, E.M. (1970). Methods of study of water exchange and drought resistance of plants. Kishinev. (In Russian).
7. Leonchenko, V.G., Evseeva, R.P., Zhbanova, E.V. & Cherenkova, T.A. (2007). The laboratory method of a complex assessment of heat and drought resistance of fruit crops. The preliminary selection of promising fruit genotypes for ecological resistance and biochemical value of fruit (pp. 34–39). Michurinsk: VNIIS. (In Russian).
8. Mursalimova, G.R. & Khardikova, S.V.(2012). Drought resistance of clonal rootstocks apple in the Southern Ural. Vestnik of the Orenburg State University, 6, 63–65. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Ozherelieva, Z.E., Krasova, N.G. & Galasheva, A.M. (2013). Study of water regime of apple varieties in summer period relative to their drought hardiness and heat resistance. Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC, 1, 17–19. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Rezvyakova, S.V. (2007). The estimation of fruit crops for winter hardiness components. Orel: OrelSAU. (In Russian).
11. Savelieva, N.N. (2015). Genetic potential of initial apple genotypes for creation of scab resistant and intensive columnar varieties (Biol. Sci. Doc. Thesis). A.L. Mazlumov All-Russian research institute of sugar beet and sugar, Ramon, Russia. (In Russian).
12. Trutneva, L.N. (2012). Economical and biological features of variety-rootstock apple combinations on red-leaf and green-leaf clone rootstocks in the nursery (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Michurinsk State Agrarian University, Michurinsk, Russia. (In Russian).
13. Tyurina, M.M. & Gogoleva, G.A. (1978). Accelerated assessment of frost resistance of fruit and berry plants. Methodological recommendations. Moscow: Zonal Research Institute of Horticulture of Non-chernozem zone. (In Russian).
14. Chirkov. Yu.I. (1986). Agrometeorology. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. (In Russian).
15. Doroshenko, T.N. (2001). Early diagnostics of frost resistance in Horticultural plant breeding. Horticulture and Vegetable Growing: Scientific works of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 20(3), 84–90.
16. Savelyeva, N.N. (2015). Drought resistance and heat resistance of apple varieties with monogenic scab resistance. In European Applied Sciences: challenges and solutions: Proc. Sci. Conf (pp. 128–130). Stuttgart: ORT Publishing.
In the Urals, the apple tree occupies one of the first places as a plant fully adapted to local conditions, however, the growth and development of ornamental apple trees in the region is limited by the hydrothermal factor of the environment. Features of water regime and drought resistance of ornamental plants are important indicators for the use of ornamental crops in landscape gardening in areas of unstable moisture. Objects of the research: decorative species of the genus Malus Mill.- apple of Sibold (Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder.), Apple tree toring (Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes.), Apple berry Siberian (Malus baccata (L) Borkh.). Study of water regime and drought tolerance of ornamental species of the genus Malus Mill. conducted by artificial wilting in 4-fold repetition on 15 leaves in each iteration. Drought resistance of crops were determined in the driest and hottest period, the average daily temperature during the experiment amounted to +24...+25 °C, relative humidity - 56%. The leaves were collected in morning hours. In determining the water regime of leaves was calculated, the water content or water cut on the raw mass. All other parameters: water deficit, relative turgor, water-holding capacity was expressed by wet weight of a leaf in full prior to saturation. The water retention capacity of leaves was determined by limiting the loss of water at the time (in hours) of the completion of the process of wilting. The results of all studies were expressed by calculating the average value of each characteristic. The results of the studies showed that the most drought-resistant species of ornamental apple trees are apple berry siberian (Malus baccata (L) Borkh.) And apple tree of Zybold (Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder.). In the natural and climatic conditions of the Urals, the use of berry, Siberian and Zibold apple trees in landscape gardening is argued. These species are characterized by the most stable water regime and drought resistance.
2. Genkel, P.A. (1982). Physiology of heat and drought resistance in plants. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
3. Eremeev, G.N. (1976). Methods of evaluation of drought resistance of fruit crops. In: G.V. Udovenko (ed.), Methods of evaluation of plant resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions (pp. 101–115). Leningrad: Kolos. (In Russian).
4. Kushnirenko, M.D. (1975). Physiology of water exchange and drought resistance of fruit crops. Chisinau: Shtiintsa. (In Russian).
5. Mursalimova, G.R. & Khardikova, S.V.(2012). Drought resistance of clonal rootstocks apple in the Southern Ural. Vestnik of the Orenburg State University, 6, 63–65. (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Mursalimova, G.R., Khardikova, S.V. & Tikhonova, M.A. (2012). Theory of the centers of Malus Mill. origin. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 34(2), 62–67. (In Russian, English abstract)..
7. Nigmatyanova, S.E. (2012). Biomorphological features of promising apple species and cultivars for green belt setting on the example of steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Southern Urals. (Biol. Sci. Cand. Thesis) Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia. (In Russian).
8. Nigmatyanova, S.E. (2011). Assessment of decorative characteristics of the Malus Mill. family representatives in Orenburg. Izvestia Orenburg State Agrarian University, 3(31-1), 298–301. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Nigmatyanova, S.E. & Mursalimova, G.R. (2015). Vegetative reproduduction of introduced species of decorative apple trees in the Orenburg region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 42, 338–341. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Nigmatyanova, S.E. & Mursalimova, G.R. (2016). Optimization of timing of cuttings of woody ornamental crops are promising for planting in the southern Urals. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 46, 280–284. (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Nigmatyanova, S.E. & Mursalimova, G.R. (2015). Evaluation of decorativeness of introduced representatives of the genus Malus Mill. in Orenburg region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 42, 342–346. (In Russian, English abstract).
12. Nigmatyanova, S.E., Mursalimova, G.R. & Merezhko, O.E. (2016). Assessment of the prospects of introduction of representatives of Ìalus Ìill. in Orenburg. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 46, 284–288. (In Russian, English abstract).
13. Sedina, Yu.V. (2010). Decorative apple-tree. Nursery and private garden, 2, 16–21. (In Russian).
14. Blum, A., Sinmena, B., & Ziv, O. (1980). An evaluation of seed and seedling drought tolerance screening tests in wheat. Euphytica, 29(3), 727–736.
15. Kramer, P.J. (1983). Water relations of plants. San Diego: AcademicPress.
Black currant Ribes nigrum L. is one of the leading berry crops in the industrial and amateur horticulture of Russia, the assortment of which consists of more than 1000 samples. However, the impact of unfavorable biotic factors limits its distribution and significantly lowers the potential of productivity. The creation of highly resistant black currant varieties is one of the most efficient methods of struggle against diseases and pests that, in turn, substantially allows limiting or eliminating the use of chemicals pesticides. At Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) the collection of black currant was studied for resistance to such harmful diseases as anthracnose and Septoria leaf spot. As a result, the essential differences in resistance to those diseases were revealed. The studies showed that Muravushka, Lentiay, Chereshniova, Minay Shmyrev, Zhemchuzhina and Zhuravushka possessed integrated resistance to anthracnose and Septoria leaf spot. The damage of those varieties did not exceed 1.5 point.
2. Vlasova, E.A. & Larina, E.I. (1974). Protection of berry crops from diseases. Leningrad : Lenizdat. (In Russian).
3. Isaeva, E.V. & Shestopal, Z.A. (1991). Atlas of diseases of fruit and berry crops. Kiev. (In Russian).
4. Natalina, O.B. (1963). Disease of berry crops. Moscow: Selkhozgiz. (In Russian).
5. Ogoltsova, T.P. (1992). Black currant breeding – the past, present and future. Tula: Priokskoe knizhnoe izdatelstvo. (In Russian).
6. Knyazev, S.D. & Bayanova, L.V. (1999). Currants, gooseberries and their hybrids. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 351–373). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
7. Sorokopudov, V.N. & Melkumova, Å.A. (2003). Biological features of currant and gooseberry at an introduction. Novosibirsk. (In Russian).
The studies were conducted at VNIISPK in 2001-2012 on the raspberry variety collection. The aim of the studies was to allocate disease resistant raspberry varieties in order to use them in practical breeding as donors of resistance. The objectives of the research were to estimate raspberry varieties for resistance to Didymella applanata Niessl., Septoria rubi West and Elsinoe veneta (Burh) in the field conditions. 22 raspberry varieties of different genetic origin were studied. The site of the observation was the collection plot planted in spring 1997 and 2004. The research and observations were carried out according to the Program and Methods of fruit, berry and nut variety investigation. The minimal rate of raspberry damage by Elsinoe veneta was observed in Sokolionok, Peresvet, Balzam, Zarianka, Fantazia, Illuzia, Rannia Zaria and Samarskaya Plotnaya. The highest point of damage in this group of the varieties was not more than 1.0–1.5. These varieties proved to be the most sustainable. Among the multiple raspberry varieties there were no immune ones to Elsinoe veneta though there were varieties having high field resistance to it. A large group of the raspberry varieties proved to be highly resistant to this disease and had minimal rate of shoot damage (0.4–0.9 point). Among them Volnitza, Peresvet, Brigantina, Samarskaya Plotnaya, Sputnitza, Skromnitza, Rannia Zaria, Kaskad Briansky, Fantazia, Beglinka, Lazarevskaya, Illuzia, Maroseyka, Sokolionok, Arta, Follgold, Inna and Ivars were relatively resistant in the field conditions during the all years of observation. On the plants of these varieties there were minimal signs of damage. Peresvet, Zarianka, Sokolionok, Lazarevskaya, Illuzia, Rannia Zaria, Arta, Follgold and Espe were the most resistant varieties to Septoria rubi (0.7–1.2 point). Complex resistance to three diseases was observed in the following raspberry varieties: Peresvet, Zarianka, Sokolionok, Lazarevskaya, Illuzia and Rania Zaria.
2. Kashin, V.I. (1995). Science principles of adaptive horticulture. Moscow: Kolos. (In Russian).
3. Zhuchenko, A.A. (1988). Adaptive potential of cultivated plants (ecological and genetic principles) (pp. 127–129). Kishinev: Shniitza. (In Russian).
4. Vavilov, N.I. (1935). The study of the immunity of plants to infectious diseases. Moscow, Leningrad: Selkhozgiz. (In Russian).
5. Vavilov, N.I. (1987). Theoretical basis of breeding. (Collected works). Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
6. Zhukovsky, P.M. (1971). Cultivated plants and their relatives. Leningrad: Kolos. (In Russian).
7. Yaroslavtzev, E.I. (2003). Raspberry and blackberry. Moscow: MSP Publ. House. (In Russian).
8. Kazakov, I.V., Evdokimenko, S.N. & Kulagina, V.L. (2005). Results and prospects of raspberry breeding in the middle zone of Russia. In Proc. Int. Sci. Conf. (pp. 322–327). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
9. Kazakov, I.V., Evdokimenko, S.N. & Kulagina, V.L. (2010). The possibility of creating raspberry varieties with the environmental resistance to harmful organisms and biosphere pollutants. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 24(2), 179–186 (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Keep, E., Knight, V.H. & Parker, J.H. (1981). ‘Malling’ Joy raspberry. Rep. E. Malling Res. Stn for 1980: 163–164
11. Kazakov, I.V. (2001). Raspberry. Blackberry. Moscow: Folio. (In Russian).
12. Kazakov, I.V. Evdokimenko, S.N., Kazakov, O.G. & Feskov, A.A. (2004). Features of cultivation of remontant raspberry varieties. Agroconsultant, 3, 26–27. (In Russian).
13. Andrusyk, Yu.Yu., Sherengovoy, P.Z. & Kondratenko, T.E. (2009). New remontant raspberry varieties of breeding of National University of Bioresources and Nature Management of the Ukraine. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 22(1), 194–199 (In Russian, English abstract).
14. Bogomolova, N.I. (2013). Raspberry resistance to main diseases in conditions of Orel region. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary Horticulture, 4. Retrieved from: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2013/4/9.pdf (In Russian, English abstract)
15. Knyazev, S.D., Golyaeva, O.D. & Kurashev, O.V. (2009). Problems and ways of creation of highly adaptive berry crop varieties for the Central-Chernozem region. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 22(2), 99–105 (In Russian, English abstract).
16. Aitdzhanova, S.D. & Andronova, N.V. (2013). The creation of varieties resistant to fungal diseases is the main solution to the problem of plant protection. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 36(1), 14–19 (In Russian, English abstract).
17. Treyvas, L.Yu. & Kashtanova, O.A. (2014). Diseases and pests of fruit plants: Atlas-determinant. Moscow: OOO “Fiton XXI”. (In Russian).
Bioregulators are characterized by a wide range of biological effects: they stimulate the vital functions of plants, increase productivity and improve product quality, enhance the protective properties of plants, increase their resistance to unfavorable growing conditions. The application of plant growth regulators and technology improvement in the production of seedlings is one of the promising directions of increasing the nursery efficiency. The effect of biological fertilizer "Sàmorod" was studied. The tests were carried out on mother bushes of vegetatively propagated clonal apple rootstocks Ural 56. The timing of treatments and method of application: root feeding (adding with irrigation water): 1st – when the regrowth was 15 cm and forth 2 times with an interval of 20 days. The consumption of the drug: 25 ml/l, 50 ml/l and 100 ml/l; the consumption of the working solution was depending on the irrigation rate. The test was repeated 4 times, for 40 plants in each variant. As a result of the studies it was determined that the efficiency of the mother nursery depended not only on the timing of the hilling and substrate type that was used for hilling plants but also on the treatment with stimulating substances. The results of these studies showed that the studied drug Smorod contributed to the formation of a larger number of clonal apple rootstocks per meter and increase of the clonal rootstock length. To a greater extent, the stimulatory effect of the plant growth regulator was displayed in the use of Samorod (100 ml/l).
2. Dospekhov, B.A. (1985). Methods of the field experiment (on the base of statistical processing of investigation results). Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
3. Ivanova, E.A., Mursalimova, G.R., Avdeyeva, Z.A., Merezhko, O.E., Tihonova, M.A., Starodubceva, E.P., Nigmatanova, S.E. & Dzhurayeva, F.K. (2015). Growing adaptive planting material for orchards in the conditions of the Orenburg region. Works of the Kuban state agrarian university, 55, 81–84. (In Russian, English abstract).
4. Gronsky, I. (ed). (1980). Methods of clone rootstock study in the Baltic Republics and Byelorussian SSR. Elgava: LSKhA. (In Russian).
5. Mursalimova, G.R. (2015). Adaptive and productive varieties of clonal rootstocks of apple as an alternative, competitive products in the global market. Works of the Kuban state agrarian university, 55, 165–169. (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Mursalimova, G.R. (2016). Influence of growth regulators of new generation for the development of the cultivated plant. Bulletin of the Orenburg Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4, 11. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Mursalimova, G.R. (2016). Effect of new generation preparations on morphometric parameters of plants development. Izvestia Orenburg State Agrarian University, 5, 141–143. (In Russian, English abstract)
8. Mursalimova, G.R. (2016). Innovational technology elements of the crop production in conditions of the Urals (for example, clonal rootstocks). In Innovational trends and developments for efficient agriculture. Proc. Int. Sci. Conf. in the memory of corresponding member of RAS V.I. Levakhin (Part 2, pp. 215–220). Orenburg: Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle. (In Russian).
9. Mursalimova, G.R. (2013). The assessment of apple rootstock biopotential in conditions of the Urals region. In Condition, perspectives of horticulture and viticulture of the Urals and Volga region and the adjacent territories. International anniversary proceedings of the scientific works devoted to the 50th anniversary of Orenburg experimental station of horticulture and viticulture (pp. 179–183). Orenburg: “Pechatny dvorik”. (In Russian).
10. Mursalimova, G.R. (2016). Application of substrate at cultivation of clonal rootstocks in the steppe Urals region. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 4, 62–68. (In Russian, English abstract). Retrieved from: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2016/4/48.pdf
11. Mursalimova, G.R. (2017). Physiological aspects of the effectiveness of biological growth regulators on apple trees growth and development. Izvestia Orenburg State Agrarian University, 2, 213–215. (In Russian, English abstract).
12. Mursalimova, G.R. & Avdeyeva, Z.A. The effect of natural growth regulators on biometric indicators of clonal rootstocks of Apple. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 48(2), 200–203. (In Russian, English abstract).
13. Nigmatanova, S.E., Mursalimova, G.R., Tihonova, M.A., Merezhko, O.E. & Yugova, O.S. (2017). Physiological aspects of stimulants influence the development of ornamental crops. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 43(1), 97–106. (In Russian, English abstract).
14. Sedov, E.N., Krasova, N.G., Zhdanov, V.V., Dolmatov, E.A. & Mozhar, N.V. (1999). Pip crops (apple, pear, common quince). In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 253–399). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
15. Prusakova, L.D., Malevannaya, N.N., Belopuhova, S.L. & Vakulenko, V.V. (2005). Plant growth regulators with antistress and immunoprotecting properties Agricultural chemistry, 11, 76–86. (In Russian, English abstract).
16. Savin, E.Z. & Mursalimova, G.R. (2006). Age-related changes of clone apple rootstocks in the mother nursery of vegetative layers in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 17, 280–290. (In Russian, English abstract).
17. Wallschläger, D., Desai, M.V., & Wilken, R.D. (1996). The role of humic substances in the aqueous mobilization of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 90(3), 507–520.
In the field experiment with the Sinap Orlovsky apple variety in 2015 and 2016 the effect of spraying with calcium chloride, succinic acid and AgrovinCa drug (aminoacids – 22.0%, Ca – 8.0%, B – 0.6%) on the indications of fruit storeability was studied. The experiment was conducted in pedoclimatic conditions of forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland (Orel region). The experimental orchard is on loamy grey forest soil with high phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium content. The sprayings of the trees were made weekly during 5 weeks before harvesting. All the treatments produced a similar effect: contributed to the increase in the content of potassium and magnesium in fruit tissues, while the calcium content decreased. The key role of meteorological conditions in the formation of the elemental composition of the fruit was shown. In droughty 2015, the proportion of fruit with bitter pit in the control variety was 23% at harvesting. The treatments with CaCl2 (1%), succinic acid (0.05%) and a combination of these substances reduced the number of fruits with bitter pit to 7%, 12.9% and 0.7%, respectively. After 140 days of storage there were 26.3% of bitter pit damages on the control fruits; 27.8% when treated with CaCl2 (1%); 7.6% when treated with succinic acid (0.05%) and 6.0% when treated with CaCl2 (1%) + succinic acid (0.05%). In 2016, the favorable year under hydrothermal conditions, the treatments had a significant effect on the accumulation of potassium, calcium and magnesium in the tissues of the fruit, but symptoms of bitter pit were not observed after 200 days of storage.
2. Gudkovski, V.A. (1990). The system of losses reduction and preservation of apple, pear and grapevine fruits quality at storage. (Agri. Sci. Doc. Thesis). Michurinsk State Agrarian University, Michurinsk, Russia. (In Russian)
3. Dospehov, B.A. (1985): Field experiment method (with statistic processing of investigation results). Moscow, Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
4. CalbitC. Retrieved from: https://www.valagro.com/ru/farm/produkcii/mikronutrienty/calbit-c (In Russian).
5. Kuznetsov, M.N., Leonicheva, E.V., Ukolova T.P., Roeva, T.A., Leonteva, L.I. & Vetrova, O.A. (2008). The impact of zeolite on agroecological conditions of grey forest soil at berry crops growing. In Problems of horticultural ecology and cultivar adaptivity in modern horticulture of Russia: Proc. Sci. Conf. (pp. 151–157) Orel: VNIISPK (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Kuznetsov, M.N., Leonicheva E.V., Roeva, T.A., Motyleva, S.M., Malyavko, G.P. & Sichev, S.M. (2012). Accumulation of heavy metal mobile compounds in orchard soils from the southern area of Non-chernozem zone. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 1. Retrieved from: journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2012/1/5.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Leonicheva, E.V., Roeva, T.A., Leonteva, L.I. & Vetrova, O.A. (2014). Magnesium accumulation apple fruit as a result of foliar spray application. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 2, 76–83. Retrieved from: journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2014/2/27.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Leonicheva, E.V., Roeva, T.A., Leontieva, L.I. & Vetrova, O.A. (2015). Varietal features of potassium nutrition of apple under foliar fertilization. Horticulture and viticulture, 5, 35–41. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Lugovaya, A.A., Karpets, Yu.V., Oboznyi, A.I. & Kolupaev, Yu.E. (2014). Stress-Protective Effect of Jasmonic and Succinic Acids on Barley Plants under Soil Drought Conditions. Agricultural Chemistry, 4, 48–55. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Sedov, E.N. (Ed.). (2007). Pomology: Apple. (Vol. 1). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
11. Popova, V.P. (2011). Precision technology of apple-tree fruits growing in conditions of South of Russia. Horticulture and viticulture, 4, 43–48. (In Russian, English abstract).
12. Mineev, V.G. (Ed.) (1989). Practice work on agrochemistry. Moscow: MGU. (In Russian).
13. Prichko, T.G., Chalaya, L.D., Karpushina, M.V. & Smelik, T.L. (2015). Reduction of bitter pit incidence through improvement of apple mineral composition. In Fundamental and applied projects, which form the contemporary image of horticulture and viticulture. Proc. Sci. Conf. (pp. 321–328). (In Russian).
14. Prichko, T.G., Chalaya, L.D. & Smelik, T.L. (2015). Influence of features of anatomical structure of apples on the resistance to bitter pit disease. New technologies, 1, 129–136. (In Russian, English abstract).
15. Prichko, T.G. & Smelik, T.L. (2015). Assessment of efficiency of new preparations contained calcium in the fight against of apple bitter pits. Scientific publications of FSBSO NCRRIH&V, 7, 143-146. (In Russian, English abstract).
16. Prichko, T.G., Germanova M.G. & Droficheva, N.V. (2015). Russian Federation Parent No 2593347. Method for early detection and determination of predisposition of apple-tree fruits to bitter pitting during storage. Moscow: Federal Institute of Industrial Property. (In Russian).
17. Sidorova, I.A., Salina, E.S. & Levgerova, N.S. (2016). Ñalcium content in fruit of different apple varieties as a technological index of raw material for processing. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 3, 27–32. Available at: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2016/3/34.pdf (In Russian, English abstract).
18. Stolyarov, M.E. (2017): Influence of top dressing on accumulation of potassium and calcium in the apple fruits. Fruit growing and viticulture of South Russia, 48(6), 126–134. Retrieved from: http://journalkubansad.ru/pdf/17/06/14.pdf (In Russian, English abstract).
19. Chelate fertilizers. Retrieved from: https://buyskie.ru/fertilizer/helate
20. Amarante, C.V.T., Silveira, J.P.G., Steffens, C.A., Paes, F.N. & Argenta, L.C. (2013). Tissue sampling method and mineral attributes to predict bitter pit occurrence in apple fruit: a multivariate approach. Acta Horticulturae, 1012, 1133–1139 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1012.153
21. Biggs, A.R., & Peck, G.M. (2015). Managing Bitter Pit in ‘Honeycrisp’Apples Grown in the Mid-Atlantic United States with Foliar-applied Calcium Chloride and Some Alternatives. HortTechnology, 25(3), 385–391.
22. Jemriñ, T., Fruk, I., Fruk, M., Radman, S., Sinkoviñ, L., & Fruk, G. (2016). Bitter pit in apples: pre-and postharvest factors: A review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(4), 1–12. DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2016144-8491.
23. Moggia, C., Yuri, J.A. & Pereira, M. (2006): Mineral content of different apple cultivars in relation to fruit quality during storage. Acta Horticulturae, 721, 265–272. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.721.36
24. Porro, D., Ceschini, A. & Pantezzi, T. (2006). The importance of advisory service in predicting bitter pit using early-season fruit analysis. Acta Horticulturae, 721, 273–278. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.721.37
25. Watkins, C., Schupp, J., & Rosenberger, D. (2004). Calcium nutrition and control of calcium-related disorders. New York Fruit Quarterly, 12(2), 15–21.
26. White, P.J., & Broadley, M.R. (2003). Calcium in plants. Annals of botany, 92(4), 487–511. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcg164.
27. Webster, D.H. (1981). Mineral composition of apple fruits. Relationships between and within peel, cortex and whole fruit samples. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 61(1), 73–85. DOI: 10.4141/cjps81-010.
In Russia in industrial and amateur orchards the apple assortment mostly consists of diploids. Triploids are more important in industrial respect. Triploids are obtained as a result of crossings 2n×2n or 2n×4n. The inducing of tetraploids of already existing varieties with the assistance of polyploidizing substances is of particular interest. Colchicine is more often used as such substance. The success of obtaining a large amount of tetraploids in vitro depends on the sufficient quantity of initial material for colchicines treatment. The stage of introduction into culture is one of the significant stages for further work. Important questions are also the terms of introduction of apple explants in vitro and the composition of the nutrient media. The impact of the timing of the introduction into tissue culture on the survival and development of explants of such apple varieties as Bolotovskoye, Imrus, Veteran, Orlovskoe Polosatoe, Orlik, Orlovskoe Polesie, Kandil Orlovsky, Veniaminovskoe, Pamyat Voinu and Afrodita was studied. It was determined that the level of nutrient medium oxidation by phenolic compounds and the infection of explants with fungal diseases are reduced under the introduction in vitro in the early period of growth (in March – April). That allows increasing the output of the initial material for further studies. In explants introduced in the early period of growth the oxidation was 73%, on average; in the period of active growth – 100% and in the late period of growth – 57.4%. 100% oxidation was only in Imrus, Kandil Orlovsky and Pamyati Voinu. It was stated that on the nutrient QL medium the viability of the explants was higher than on the Murasige-Skuga medium.
2. Dzhafarova, V.E. (2015). Estimation of propagation and inducing of polyploidy meristem and selections of Malus domestica Borkh. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 1, 93–99. Retrieved from: journal. vniispk.ru/pdf / 2015/1/13.pdf.
3. Kukharchik, N.V., Kastritskaya, M.S., Semenas, S.E, Kolbanova, E.V., Krasinskaya, T.A., Volosevich, N.N., Solovei, O.V., Zmushko, A.A., Bozhidai, T.N., Rundya, A.P. & Malinovskaya, A.M. (2016). Reproduction of fruit and berry plants in culture in vitro. Minsk: Belaruskaya navuka. (In Russian).
4. Liznev, V.N. (1985). Creation of induced tetraploids and apple breeding on a polyploidy level. In Apple breeding for fruit quality improvement (pp. 179–184). Orel: NIISPK. (In Russian).
5. Mariyakhina, I.Ya., Polumordvinova, I.V., Kokoreva, V.A. & Lukonina, E.I. (1986). Biotechnology of obtaining fertile forms of interspecific onion hybrids on the basis of polyploidization in vitro. In State and prospects of the development of agricultural biotechnology (pp. 86–91). Moscow. (In Russian).
6. Matushkina, O.V. & Pronina, I.N. (2008). Technology of clonal apple and pear micropropagation (methodical recommendations). Michurinsk: VSTISP. (In Russian).
7. Mochalova, O.V., Plaksina, T.V., Gusev, D.A. & Boyandina, T.E. (2014). Methodical approaches to the reconstruction of ground cherry genome on the hexaploidy level. Bulletin of the Altai science, 1, 192–197. (In Russian).
8. Papikhin, R.V. Muratova, S.A. & Luchnikova, S.V. (2008). Colchiceine and acenaphthene effect on meristem tissues of fruit and berry crops in vitro. In Agroecology problems and adaptability of varieties in the up-to-date horticulture of Russia: Proc. Sci. Conf. (pp. 213–217). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
9. Shcherbakov, V.K. (1962). Methods of the experimental obtaining of polyploids in plants. Polyploidy in plants, 5, 110–120. (In Russian).
The success of the plant propagation by tissue culture depends much on the amount of viable explants capable to form additional shoots and buds. The results of the comparative characteristic of spring, summer and autumn introduction of black currant into culture in vitro are presented. The varieties Azhurnaya, Chudnoe Mgnovenie, Ocharovanie and Orlovskaya Serenada have been studied. It has been determined that the most favorable period for introduction with the larger percent of viable explant output is June (a period of active growth) and the second half of August (a period of diminution of growth processes). In spring the output of viable explants does not exceed 63% in Azhurnaya. In spring a low level of taking roots (19%) was observed in Chudnoe Mgnovenie due to the high infection and necrosis. In summer a level of taking roots was 75–84% and in autumn – 87–92% depending on the variety. The mertiolat solution 0.01% was used for explants sterilization. The used nutrient medium was MS with BAP – 0,5 mg/l, mesoinositol – 100 mg/l, ascorbic acid – 10 mg/l and triple iron chelate.
2. Vysotskiy, V.A. (2011). Biotechnological methods in up-to-date gardening. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 26, 3-10. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Kukharchik, N.V., Kastritskaya, M.S., Semenas, S.E, Kolbanova, E.V., Krasinskaya, T.A., Volosevich, N.N., Solovei, O.V., Zmushko, A.A., Bozhidai, T.N., Rundya, A.P. & Malinovskaya, A.M. (2016). Reproduction of fruit and berry plants in culture in vitro. Minsk: Belaruskaya navuka. (In Russian).
4. Raykov, I.A. (2012). The improvement of clonal micro propagation of interspecific genotypes of black currant and remontant raspberry (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Bryansk State Agricultural Academy, Bryansk, Russia. (In Russian).
5. Skovorodnikov, D.N. & Sazonov, F.F. (2011). The features of clonal micro propagation of black currants. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 26, 395–400. (In Russian, English abstract).
Apple has a leading position in the industrial production of fruit. New varieties have a high yield potential. But due to the changing climatic conditions there is a tendency to the development of disease harmfulness and reduce of the resistance to diseases. The application of fungicides in the system of protection enhances the resistance to diseases. Data on the study of the biological effectiveness of apple protection system in the industrial orchards at VNIISPK including the application of a new fungicide Luna Trankvility, SK have been analyzed in this paper. The area climate is moderately continental, relatively warm, moderately humid, characterized by uneven distribution of precipitation by seasons. The most wide-spread and harmful apple disease is scab (Venturia inaequalis Wint.). The records were made in 2016 in the fruit-bearing orchard on late-autumn cultivar Zhigulevskoye. On the site without the fungicide treatment the fruit infection was 65.7%. The biological efficiency of using fungicide Luna Trankvility, SK 1.0 l/hectare was 98.7%. Besides, this fungicide combines two innovational active substances that have curative, preventive and eradicating action.
2. Grishechkina, L.D., Dolzhenko, V.I. & Milyutenkova, T.I. (2012). Novel fungicide assortment for orchard protection. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 30, 408–422. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Dolzhenko, V.I. (2009). Methodical instructions on registration tests of insecticides, acaricides, molluscocides and rodenticides in agriculture. Saint Petersburg: VIZR. (In Russian).
4. Dospekhov, B.A. (1985). Methods of the field experiment (on the base of statistical processing of investigation results). Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
5. Komardina, V.S. (2013). Applicationof fungicides in two-component system for the protection of apple scab. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 36(1), 296–302. (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Kochkina, A.M. & Kashirskaya, N.Ya. (2015). Eficiency of apple trees protection systems from scab. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 43, 286–289. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Sedov, E.N., Krasova, N.G., Zhdanov, V.V., Dolmatov, E.A. & Mozhar, N.V. (1999). Pip crops (apple, pear, common quince). In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 253–399). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
8. Ryazanova, L. G., Provorchenko, A. V., & Gorbunov, I. V. (2013). The principles of the static analysis of research results in horticulture: educational-methodic supply. Krasnodar: KubGAU. (In Russian).
9. Treivas, L.Yu. & Kashtanova, O.A. (2014). Diseases and pests of fruit plants. Atlas determinant. Moscow: Phiton XXI. (In Russian).
10. Yakuba, G.V (2016). Apple technologies protection from diseases with domestic fungicides application. Horticulture and viticulture, 3, 33–39. (In Russian, English abstract).
Woody planting as necessary elements of the urban and country landscape have a positive impact on its climate. The monitoring of the general condition of woody plants growing in the urban zone (Orel) and in the recreational zone (VNIISPK arboretum, Orel region) was performed. Adult trees, bushes and lianas were chosen for studies. As a result of the studies, 19 species and 2 genotypes were revealed that were capable to grow in different conditions, including the urban area. Those were: Quercus rubra, Tília cordáta, Picea canadensis, Picea pungens f. glauca, Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus sanguinea, Hydrangea arborescens, Amelanchier ovalis, Cotoneaster lucidus, Potentilla fruticose, Syringa josikaea, Spiraea japonica, Philadelphus coronaries, Juniperus sabina, Thuja occidentalis f. columna, etc. These species and genotypes can be recommended for greenbelt setting of various objects of landscape construction as the main ones. Berberis ottawiensis f. purpurea and Forsythia europaea can be recommended only for growing in private collections, arboretums and botanic gardens. Aesculus hippocastanum is not recommended for mass greenbelt setting. Tília cordáta, Crataegus sanguinea and Syringa josikaea can be used in all types of urban and landscape plantings.
2. Aleksandrova, V.D. & Zalesskaya, L.S. (1960). Greenbelt setting of cities. In Architect reference book (Vol. 3(2)). Moscow: Gosstroyizdat. (In Russian).
3. Golovach, A.G. (1980). Trees, shrubs and lianas of the Botany Garden of the USSR. Leningrad: Nauka. (In Russian).
4. Goryshina, T.K. (1991). A plant in the town. Leningrad: Leningrad University Publ. House. (In Russian).
5. Dubovitskaya, O.Yu. & Zolotareva, E.V. (2010). Flowering trees and shrubs for landscaping of low-rise building. Vestnik OrelGAU, 2, 72-77 (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Dubovitskaya, O.Yu., Tsoi, M.F., Pavlenkova, G.A., Masalova, L.I. & Firsov, A.N. (2015). The arboretum of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding is the center of tree and shrub introduction. Horticulture and viticulture, 3, 46–50. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Dubovitskaya O.Yu. (2002): Creation of stable agricultural phytotechnologies for improvement of human environment. Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Agricultural sciences. Agronomy, 8, 16-25 (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Dubovitskaya, O.Yu., Tsoi, Ì.F., Pavlenkova, G.À., Masalova, L.I. & Firsov, A.N. (2015). The gene pool conservation and basic results of plant introduction of arboretum of The AllRussian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 2, 111–122. Retrieved from: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2015/2/32.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Zolotariova, E.V. & Dubovitskaya, O.Yu. (2013). The estimation of introduced plants in plantings for common use in Orel region. Vestnik OrelGAU, 2, 40–45. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Kostin, A.E. & Avdeev, Yu.M. (2015). Geobotanic studies of biodiversity in the urbanized environment. Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 3, 19–23. (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Kurbatov, A.S., Bashkin, V.N. & Kasimov, N.S. (2001). City ecology. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
12. Rodoman, B.B. (1974). Polarization of landscape as a means of preserving the biosphere and recreational resources. In Resources, environment, resettlement (pp. 150–162). Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
13. Khamitova, S.M. & Avdeev Yu.M. Recreational function of plantings in the urbanized environment. In Fundamental and applied science – 2015: Materials of the XI International scientific and practical conference (pp. 195–197). Science and Education LTD. (In Russian, English abstract).
The inventory and monitoring of flora of ruderal biotopes have been conducted in towns Bolkhov, Dmitrovsk, Livny, Maloarkhangelsk, Mtsensk, Novosil, and Orel. Ruderal biotopes of erosion, landfill and slit groups, as well as the biotopes of the transport infrastructure of towns have been identified and explored. The class of ruderal habitats has been characterized by complex environmental conditions, due to intensive anthropogenic impact. Comprehensive taxonomic, biomorphological and ecological characteristics have allowed to attribute floristic complexes of ruderal biotopes to the typical flora of urbanized areas that have no natural analogues. It should be noted that the formation of the flora of ruderal biotopes is gradual and obviously has common features with the formation of floral complexes of natural biotopes and synanthropic fraction of cultivated biotopes. A similar vector of florogenesis is stipulated by the simultaneous existence of different types of anthropogenically transformed floristic complexes and reflects the different phases of transformation of flora, which are characterized by different biodiversity.
2. Bulgakov, I. L. (2013). Flora of Orel town. (Biol. Sci. Cand. Thesis). I.G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University, Bryansk, Russia. (in Russian).
3. Vinogradova ,Yu.K., Mayorov, S.R. & Khorun, L.V. (2010). Black book of flora of Central Russia. Alien plant species in the ecosystems of Middle Russia. Moscow: GEOS. (In Russian).
4. Emelyanov, O.Yu. & Khromova, T.M. (2015). The Natural habitats of the cities of Orel region. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 4, 97–104. Retrieved from: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2015/4/76.pdf/ (in Russian, English abstract).
5. Ilminskikh, N.G. (1994). Ecotopological structure of the urban flora. In Urgent problems of comparative study of floras: Proc. III work meeting for comparative floristic (pp. 269–276). Saint Petersburg: Nauka. (in Russian).
6. Kostin, A.E. & Avdeev, Yu.M. (2015). Geobotanic studies of biodiversity in the urbanized environment. Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 3, 19–23. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Tokhtar, V.K. & Fomin, O.V. (2013). Peculiarities of formation of floras in an urban environment in the South-West of the Central Russian upland. Belgorod: publishing house «Belgorod» NIU «Belgu». (in Russian).
8. Fomina, O.V. & Tokhtar, V.K. (2010). The structure of flora of urban aglomeration of Belgorod. Belgorod State University Scientific Bulletin. Natural sciences, 21(13): 28–32. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Khamitova, S.M. & Avdeev Yu.M. Recreational function of plantings in the urbanized environment. In Fundamental and applied science – 2015: Materials of the XI International scientific and practical conference (pp. 195–197). Science and Education LTD. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Khorun, L.V., Timonin, A.K. & Novikov, V.S. (2003). Problems of studying adventive and synanthropic flora in regions of CIS countries. In C.B. Novikova, A.B. Shcherbakov (eds.) Proc. Sci Conf (pp. 3). Mosow, Tula: Moscow state University, Grif and Kº. (In Russian).
11. Shadrin, V.A. (2000). Floristic parameters in the estimation of synanthropization of the flora. In Comparative Floristics at the turn of the III Millennium (pp. 288–300). Saint Petersburg: Nauka. (In Russian).
12. Yurtsev, B.A. & Semkin, B.I. (1980). Studies of concrete and partial floras with the aid of mathematical methods. Botanical Journal, 65(12), 1706–1718. (In Russian).
The representatives of the Hydrangeaceae Dumort. family are widely used in the practice of the modern greenbelt setting. Many of them are characterized by high ornamental qualities, have long and abundant flowering, fragrant and beautiful flowers, simplicity and functionality in green building. However, different species of the Hydrangeaceae Dumort. family are characterized by various adaptability to unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors of the environment that is due to their biological features and ecological and geographical origin. In connection with this the aim of this work was to study the level of their adaptability and select promising species for greenbelt setting in conditions of Orel region. 9 species of Hydrangeaceae Dumort. representatives of different origin from the VNIISPK arboretum were studied. As a result of the studies (2014–2017), 4 species were selected as the most promising ones for greenbelt setting in the Central Chernozem region of Russia including Orel and Orel region: Hydrangea cinerea Small, Philadelphus coronaries L.f. aureus, Philadelphus coronaries L.f. aureus nanus and Philadelphus lemoinei hybrid L. cv. «Manteau d’ hermine».
2. Dospekhov, B.A. (1985). Methods of the field experiment (on the base of statistical processing of investigation results). Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
3. Dubovitskaya, O.Yu. (2014). The results of introduction of Siberian tree and shrub plants to the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. In Problems of Botany of Southern Siberia and Mongolia: Proc. Int. Conf. (pp. 256–259). Barnaul: IP Kolmogorov I.A. (In Russian, English abstract).
4. Dubovitskaya, O.Yu. & Pavlenkova, G.A. (2015). Arboretum of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. Brief guide-book. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
5. Kolyada, N.A. (2008). Plants of family Hydrangeaceae in botanical gardens and arboretums of Russia. Vestnik of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, 125–125. (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Konasheva, S.I. (2016). Urban situation and shrub planting prospects in greening of Ufa city. Vestnik Bashkir State Agrarian University, 2(38), 107–111. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Kocharyan, K.S. (2000). Ecological and experimental basis of greenbelt setting in large cities of the Central zone of Russia (on the example of Moscow). Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
8. Lapin, P.I. & Sidneva, S.V. (1975). The assessment of plant species freezing degree. In Woody plants of the Central Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences (pp. 18–19). Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
9. Lebedev, A.N., Zolotareva, E.V. & Tsoy, M.F. (ed.) (2003). Guidelines for the practical training for students of specialty 260500– Gardening and Landscaping. Orel: OrelGAU. (In Russian).
10. Pavlenkova, G.A. (2014). Winter hardiness evaluation of syringa species and cultivars under Orel region conditions. Subtropical and ornamental plants, 50, 244–250. (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Plotnikova, L.S. (1988). Scientific basis of introduction and protection of woody plants of the USSR flora. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
12. Takhtadzhyan, A.A. (1987). Magnoliophyta system. Leningrad, Nauka. (In Russian).
13. Fedorov, A.A. & Artyushenko, Z.T. (1979). Atlas of descriptive morphology of higher plants. Leningrad, Nauka. (In Russian).
14. Zvelev, N.N. (1981). Hydrangeaceae. In A.L. Takhtadzhyan (ed.) Plant life (vol. 5(2)) (pp. 154–155). Moscow, Prosveshchenie. (In Russian).