Since 2024, the journal has been published on the National Platform of Periodical Scientific Publications of the Russian Center for Scientific Research https://journals.rcsi.science/2312-6701/index
2023 ¹2
GENETICS, BREEDING, STUDY OF VARIETIES
Abstract
Galkova, A.A., Gulyaeva, A.A., Berlova, T.N., & Efremov, I.N. (2023). Resistance of apricot cultivars from the bioresource collection of VNIISPK to fungal diseases. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 1-6. https://www.doi.org/10.52415/23126701_2023_0201
This article presents the results of a long-term study of the resistance of common apricot cultivars from the VNIISPK bioresource collection to fungal diseases. The most serious fungal diseases for apricot in the conditions of the Central Black Earth region of Russia are coccomycosis and moniliosis (also known as fruit rot). Within the framework of this study, 19 apricot cultivars were selected and studied from the bioresource collection of the VNIISPK (Orel). The cultivars were divided into two groups according to the year of planting. 8 cultivars of apricots planted in 2016 were assigned to group 1, the remaining 11 cultivars planted in 2018 were included in group 2. The studies were carried out in 2017—2022 in the orchard of the VNIISPK genetic collection in the Orel region. The plants were cultivated according to the technology of apricot cultivation generally accepted for this region. Every year, a standard scheme for the protection of plants from diseases and harmful insects for the Orel region was carried out. According to the results of the studies, it was found that all the studied cultivars had a high degree of resistance to clasterosporia and moniliosis. In most of the studied cultivars in both groups, the degree of resistance to clasterosporiasis did not exceed 1.0 points, with the exception of the Agafonovsky cultivar from group 1. A high degree of resistance to moniliosis was also noted in cultivars from group 2, not exceeding 0.5 points. The obtained results can be of wide practical and scientific interest and can be used both in subsequent breeding studies on the complex resistance of apricot to fungal diseases, and when laying industrial orchards with highly disease-resistant cultivars.
This article presents the results of a long-term study of the resistance of common apricot cultivars from the VNIISPK bioresource collection to fungal diseases. The most serious fungal diseases for apricot in the conditions of the Central Black Earth region of Russia are coccomycosis and moniliosis (also known as fruit rot). Within the framework of this study, 19 apricot cultivars were selected and studied from the bioresource collection of the VNIISPK (Orel). The cultivars were divided into two groups according to the year of planting. 8 cultivars of apricots planted in 2016 were assigned to group 1, the remaining 11 cultivars planted in 2018 were included in group 2. The studies were carried out in 2017—2022 in the orchard of the VNIISPK genetic collection in the Orel region. The plants were cultivated according to the technology of apricot cultivation generally accepted for this region. Every year, a standard scheme for the protection of plants from diseases and harmful insects for the Orel region was carried out. According to the results of the studies, it was found that all the studied cultivars had a high degree of resistance to clasterosporia and moniliosis. In most of the studied cultivars in both groups, the degree of resistance to clasterosporiasis did not exceed 1.0 points, with the exception of the Agafonovsky cultivar from group 1. A high degree of resistance to moniliosis was also noted in cultivars from group 2, not exceeding 0.5 points. The obtained results can be of wide practical and scientific interest and can be used both in subsequent breeding studies on the complex resistance of apricot to fungal diseases, and when laying industrial orchards with highly disease-resistant cultivars.
References
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13. Gulcan, Y., Dumanoglu, H., & Kunter, B. (1995). Fruit cracking in some Turkish apricot cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 384, 277-282. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.384.42
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Abstract
Kiseleva, E.N., Rachenko, M.A., Rachenko, A.M., Zhilkina, O.F., Malova, T.N., & Atanova, M.V. (2023). Biochemical and organoleptic suitability of primocane-fruiting raspberry berries during storage. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 7-19. https://www.doi.org/10.52415/23126701_2023_0202
To implement the program of ensuring import substitution of agricultural products, it is necessary to replace the market of imported goods with domestic ones. The development of the market of fresh berries is important, especially for the regions included in the zone of extreme agriculture. Ever-bearing raspberries are widely used by foreign and domestic agricultural producers. Cultivation of this crop is economically justified for both closed and open ground. In the conditions of the Baikal region, this culture is not widespread enough. Therefore, the research, the results of which are presented in this article, are highly relevant. The article introduces the research carried out at the Phytotron station, in the Department of Applied and Experimental Developments of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk). The objects of the study were the fruits of cultivars and forms of ever-bearing raspberries of domestic breeding: Rubinovoye Ozherelie, Gerakl, Evrazia, Pingvin, Zolotye Kupola, 37-15-4, 1-220-1 and 32-151-1. The dynamics of changes in sugars, vitamins and organic acids during storage is considered, as well as changes in taste and commodity indicators in fruits are traced using organoleptic analysis. The fruits were harvested in favorable weather, closer to noon in the phase of consumer ripeness. Fruits were stored without mechanical damage and signs of pathogen damage. The fruits were stored in plastic containers at a temperature from 0 to +1ºÑ. For organoleptic evaluation of fruits, the following indicators were taken into account on a five-point scale: taste, aroma, appearance and density of berries. For biochemical research, the fruits were selected immediately after harvesting, after 7 and 14 days of storage. Biochemical studies were carried out in the Laboratory of Toxicology and Biochemistry at the Irkutsk MVL.
To implement the program of ensuring import substitution of agricultural products, it is necessary to replace the market of imported goods with domestic ones. The development of the market of fresh berries is important, especially for the regions included in the zone of extreme agriculture. Ever-bearing raspberries are widely used by foreign and domestic agricultural producers. Cultivation of this crop is economically justified for both closed and open ground. In the conditions of the Baikal region, this culture is not widespread enough. Therefore, the research, the results of which are presented in this article, are highly relevant. The article introduces the research carried out at the Phytotron station, in the Department of Applied and Experimental Developments of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk). The objects of the study were the fruits of cultivars and forms of ever-bearing raspberries of domestic breeding: Rubinovoye Ozherelie, Gerakl, Evrazia, Pingvin, Zolotye Kupola, 37-15-4, 1-220-1 and 32-151-1. The dynamics of changes in sugars, vitamins and organic acids during storage is considered, as well as changes in taste and commodity indicators in fruits are traced using organoleptic analysis. The fruits were harvested in favorable weather, closer to noon in the phase of consumer ripeness. Fruits were stored without mechanical damage and signs of pathogen damage. The fruits were stored in plastic containers at a temperature from 0 to +1ºÑ. For organoleptic evaluation of fruits, the following indicators were taken into account on a five-point scale: taste, aroma, appearance and density of berries. For biochemical research, the fruits were selected immediately after harvesting, after 7 and 14 days of storage. Biochemical studies were carried out in the Laboratory of Toxicology and Biochemistry at the Irkutsk MVL.
References
1. Antipenko, M.I. (2019). Evaluation of frozen raspberry fruits in the conditions of Samara region by some components of the chemical composition. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 58, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2019-58-11-17. EDN GSJSYN. (In Russian, English abstract).
2. Venger, K.P., Popkov, V.I., Feskov, O.A., Shishkina, N.S., Karastoyanova, O.V., & Shatalova, N.I. (2017). Rapid freezing of herbal products by gaseous nitrogen. Journal of international academy of refrigeration, 4, 66-74. https://doi.org/10.21047/1606-4313-2017-16-4-66-74. EDN YOOICI. (In Russian, English abstract).
3. Kubanagrostandart (2016). National Standards of the Russian Federation. Fresh raspberries and blackberries. Specifications (GOST 33915-2016). Standartinform (In Russian).
4. Huseynova, B.M., Kotenko, M.E., & Daudova, T.I. (2007). Changes in the sugar-acid complex of fruit mixtures during rapid freezing and long-term storage. Herald of Daghestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences, 12, 140-144. EDN TJSQWP. (In Russin).
5. Evdokimenko, S.N., Nikulin, A.F., & Bokhan, I.A. (2008). Estimation of kinds of raspberry on biochemical indexes of berries. Bulletin of the Bryansk State Agricultural Academy, 3, 48-52. EDN MUYRSD. (In Russian, English abstract).
6. Emelyanova, O.V., Krivorot, A.M., & Martsinkevich, D.I. (2016). Process regulations of fruit storage of autumn raspberry. Fruit Growing, 28, 365-377. EDN YRSRDN. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Zhbanova, E.V. (2018). Fruit of raspberry Rubus idaeus L. as a source of functional ingredients (review). Food processing: techniques and technology, 48(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2018-1-5-14. EDN YWOFYL. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Kiseleva, E.N., Rachenko, M.A., Rachenko, A.M., & Kamyshova, L.E. (2021). Suitability of primocane-fruiting raspberry for storage at different temperatures under normal atmospheric conditions. Contemporary horticulture, 1, 36-47. https://www.doi.org/10.24411/23126701_2021_0105. EDN DHJXHL. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Matnazarova, D.I. (2019). Biochemical assessment of raspberry fruit is the first stage of breeding for the improvement of chemical fruit composition. Bulletin of agrarian science, 6, 166-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/48484. EDN TWTJAC. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Pochitskaya, I.M., Roslyakov, Yu.F., Komarova, N.V., & Roslik, V.L. (2019). Sensory components of fruits and berries. Food processing: techniques and technology, 49(1), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-1-50-61. EDN ZQFUDZ. (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Prichko, T.G., & Droficheva, N.V. (2015). The influence of freezing on the quality of raspberries // Technologies of the food and processing industry of the agro-industrial complex-healthy food products, 4, 40-45. EDN VHORRN. (In Russian, English abstract).
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13. Ogoltsova,T.P., & Krasova, N.G. (1999). Correlation and regression analysis. In E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 589-597). VNIISPK. EDN YHAQIJ. (In Russian).
14. Rachenko, M.A,. Kiseleva, E.N., Kamyshova, L.E., & Rachenko, A.M. (2021). Selection evaluation of frozen raspberry fruits by biochemical parameters in the conditions of the Cisbaikalia. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 14-27. https://doi.org/10.52415/23126701_2021_0202. EDN EVSGSS. (In Russian, English abstract).
15. Yanchuk, T.V., & Makarkina, M.A. (2014). Effect of meteorological conditions on sugar and organic acids accumulation in black currant berries during the vegetative period. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 62-69. EDN SHPKDL. (In Russian, English abstract).
16. Seglina, D., Krasnova, I., Heidemane, G., Kampuse, S., Dukalska, L., & Kampuss, K. (2010). Packaging technology influence on the shelf life extension of fresh raspberries. Acta Horticulturae, 877, 433-440 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.877.56
Abstract
Trusov, N.A., Yatsenko, I.O., Rysin, S.L., Sorokopudov, V.N., & Aleksandrov, D.S. (2023). Collection of the Lonicera L. genus in the arboretum of the MBG RAS: history, current state and development prospects. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 20-50. https://www.doi.org/10.52415/23126701_2023_0203
An assessment of the introduction of honeysuckle (Lonicera L.) in the conditions of the Moscow region was carried out. Since 1945, 95 taxa of the genus belonging to 2 subgenera, 5 sections and 23 subsections have been tested in the arboretum of the MBS RAS: deciduous shrubs over 2 m high (32.7%, 27 species, 1 variety and 2 ornamental forms), deciduous shrubs 1—2 m high (31.6%, 29 species and 2 ornamental forms), deciduous shrubs less than 1 m (12.2%, 11 species and 1 decorative form), deciduous vines (12.2%, 10 species and 2 decorative forms), as well as semi-evergreen and evergreen shrubs and vines. Plants which native ranges are located in East (20.5%) and Central (15.1%) Asia, as well as the ones in cultivation only (15.1%) prevailed. By 2021, the collection includes 67 taxa: 62 species, 1 variety and 4 cultivars belonging to 2 subgenera, 3 sections and 12 subsections. Most of them are deciduous shrubs over 2 m high (47.8%, 20 species, 1 variety and 1 cultivar), deciduous shrubs 1—2 m high (32.6%, 14 species and 1 cultivar) and deciduous lianas (10.9%, 5 species). Most taxa have native arias in East Asia (23.1%), Russian Far East (14.1%), Europe (12.8%), Western (11.5%) and Central Asia (10.3%). The main reason for the loss of plants from the collection was frost damage – 54.3%. On the basis of the studies, the plants are divided into 3 groups: 1 – recommended for wide use in landscaping within the region (43 species and 1 variety); 2 – recommended for additional introduction trials (37 species); 3 – not recommended for introduction in Moscow region (4 species).
An assessment of the introduction of honeysuckle (Lonicera L.) in the conditions of the Moscow region was carried out. Since 1945, 95 taxa of the genus belonging to 2 subgenera, 5 sections and 23 subsections have been tested in the arboretum of the MBS RAS: deciduous shrubs over 2 m high (32.7%, 27 species, 1 variety and 2 ornamental forms), deciduous shrubs 1—2 m high (31.6%, 29 species and 2 ornamental forms), deciduous shrubs less than 1 m (12.2%, 11 species and 1 decorative form), deciduous vines (12.2%, 10 species and 2 decorative forms), as well as semi-evergreen and evergreen shrubs and vines. Plants which native ranges are located in East (20.5%) and Central (15.1%) Asia, as well as the ones in cultivation only (15.1%) prevailed. By 2021, the collection includes 67 taxa: 62 species, 1 variety and 4 cultivars belonging to 2 subgenera, 3 sections and 12 subsections. Most of them are deciduous shrubs over 2 m high (47.8%, 20 species, 1 variety and 1 cultivar), deciduous shrubs 1—2 m high (32.6%, 14 species and 1 cultivar) and deciduous lianas (10.9%, 5 species). Most taxa have native arias in East Asia (23.1%), Russian Far East (14.1%), Europe (12.8%), Western (11.5%) and Central Asia (10.3%). The main reason for the loss of plants from the collection was frost damage – 54.3%. On the basis of the studies, the plants are divided into 3 groups: 1 – recommended for wide use in landscaping within the region (43 species and 1 variety); 2 – recommended for additional introduction trials (37 species); 3 – not recommended for introduction in Moscow region (4 species).
References
1. Belyaeva, Yu.E., & Grinash, M.N. (2014) Collection of the genus Lonicera L. in the Arboretum of the GBS RAS: state and prospects. In Specially protected natural areas. Introduction
of plants – 2014: materials of the correspondence international scientific and practical conference (pp. 86-90). Wind Rose. EDN SWRWDR. (In Russian).
of plants – 2014: materials of the correspondence international scientific and practical conference (pp. 86-90). Wind Rose. EDN SWRWDR. (In Russian).
2. Artyushenko, Z.T., Gusev, Yu.D., Zaitsev, G.N., Zamyatnin, B.N., Knorring-Neustrueva, O.E., Pidotti, O.A., Pilipenko, F.S., Polyakov, P.P., Rodionenko, G.I., Selivanova-Gorodkova, V.A., & Sokolov, S.Ya. (1962). Trees and shrubs of the USSR. Wild, cultivated and promising for introduction: Angiosperms. Loganium families are Compound-Colored (Vol. 6). Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (In Russian).
3. Lapin, P.I., Aleksandrova, M.S., Borodina, N.A., Makarov, S.N., Petrova, I.P., Plotnikova, L.S., Sidneva, S.V., Stogova, N.V., Sherbatsevich, V.D., Yakushina, E.I. (1975). Woody plants of the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Nauka. (In Russian).
4. Plotnikova, L.S., Aleksandrova, M.S., Belyaeva, Yu.E., Nemova, E.M., Ryabova, N.V., Yakushina, E.I. (2005). Woody plants of the Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 60 years of introduction. Nauka. (In Russian).
5. Smirnova, T.V., Marchenko, A.M., Epanchintseva, O.V., Sychev, A.I., Shipunova, A.A., Dubnova, E., Okuneva, I.B., Goryainova, V.P., Bumbeeva, L.I., Lysikov, A.B., & Trubina, N.N. (2017). Catalog of woody plants grown in APPM nurseries. APPM. EDN YNQOLX. (In Russian).
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7. Mukhina, L.N., Belyaeva, Yu.E., & Dymovich, A.V. (2011). Pests and diseases of honey –suckel (Lonicera L.) in the arboretum of the main botanical garden RAS. Bulletin Main Botanical Garden, 195, 198-204. EDN TMENLP. (In Russian).
8. Ryabova, N.V. (1980). Honeysuckle. The results of the introduction in Moscow. Nauka. (In Russian).
9. Sheiko, V.V. (2007). The spectrum of contemporary views on the structure of the genus Lonicera L. (Caprifoliaceae). Turczaninowia, 10(1), 13-54. EDN JREZVD. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Firsov, G.A., Volchanskaya, A.V., & Tkachenko, K.G. (2017). Tolmachev’s honeysuckle (Lonicera tolmatchevii Pojark., Caprifoliaceae) in Saint Petersburg. Hortus Botanicus, 12, 332-338. EDN YUTIYC. (In Russian, English abstract).
11. Royal Botanic Gardens.(n.d.). Lonicera L. Plants of the World Online. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30006074-2
NURSERY AND HORTICULTURE
Abstract
Antonov, A.M., Makarov, S.S., Kulikova, E.I., Kuznetsova, I.B., Chudetsky, A.I., & Kulchitsky, A.N. (2023). Features of rhizogenesis of female plants of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) in in vitro culture. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 51-59. https://www.doi.org/10.52415/23126701_2023_0204
The results of studies on clonal micropropagation of female plants of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) of Northern Russian origin at the stage of rooting of microshoots in vitro using the MS nutrient medium and IBA auxin. R. chamaemorus is an economically valuable forest berry species in terms of food and medicine. Plantation cultivation of cloudberry in the conditions of depleted peat deposits will contribute to the restoration of natural berries and increase its productivity. Use the method of micropropagation is advisable to obtain a large amount of planting material in the industrial cultivation of forest berry plants. It is necessary to improve the technology of growing R. chamaemorus in in vitro culture for Northern Russian origin forms. The objects of study are R. chamaemorus plants of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Karelian and Khanty-Mansi forms. The maximum values of the number (5.3—7.4 pcs.) and total length (21.7—26.9 cm) of the roots of female R. chamaemorus plants in in vitro culture are noted on the MS nutrient medium, while similar indicators in the variants with dilution of the mineral composition of the nutrient medium by 2 and 4 times are 1.5—2.6 and 2.3—6.4 times less, respectively. An increase in the concentration of IBA auxin from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l in the nutrient medium contributed to an increase in the number (by 1.4—1.8 times) and a decrease in the average length (by 1.3—1.7 times) of the roots of female plants R. chamaemorus in in vitro culture, as well as an increase in the total length of the roots of the Karelian form (by 1.3 times).
The results of studies on clonal micropropagation of female plants of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) of Northern Russian origin at the stage of rooting of microshoots in vitro using the MS nutrient medium and IBA auxin. R. chamaemorus is an economically valuable forest berry species in terms of food and medicine. Plantation cultivation of cloudberry in the conditions of depleted peat deposits will contribute to the restoration of natural berries and increase its productivity. Use the method of micropropagation is advisable to obtain a large amount of planting material in the industrial cultivation of forest berry plants. It is necessary to improve the technology of growing R. chamaemorus in in vitro culture for Northern Russian origin forms. The objects of study are R. chamaemorus plants of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Karelian and Khanty-Mansi forms. The maximum values of the number (5.3—7.4 pcs.) and total length (21.7—26.9 cm) of the roots of female R. chamaemorus plants in in vitro culture are noted on the MS nutrient medium, while similar indicators in the variants with dilution of the mineral composition of the nutrient medium by 2 and 4 times are 1.5—2.6 and 2.3—6.4 times less, respectively. An increase in the concentration of IBA auxin from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l in the nutrient medium contributed to an increase in the number (by 1.4—1.8 times) and a decrease in the average length (by 1.3—1.7 times) of the roots of female plants R. chamaemorus in in vitro culture, as well as an increase in the total length of the roots of the Karelian form (by 1.3 times).
References
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3. Velichko, N.A., Sharoglazova, L.P., & Smolnikova, Ya.V. (2016). The study of the lipid composition of fruits of representatives of the genus Rubus and evaluation of the prospects for their application in food technologies. Bulletin of KSAU, 7, 137-145. EDN WCYKRT. (In Russian, English abstract).
4. Zontikov, D.N., Zontikova, S.A., & Malakhova, K.V. (2021). Influence of the composition of nutrient media and growth regulators during clonal micropropagation of some economically valuable representatives of the genus Rubus L. Agrochemistry, 6, 36-42. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0002188121060144. EDN OOALRQ. (In Russian, English abstract).
5. Kontsevaya, I.I., Shalupaev, M.P., & Yatsyna, A.A. (1999). The use of tissue culture for propagation of cloudberry as a rare berry plant in Belarus. In Forest, Science, Youth: Proc. Sci. Conf. National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. (In Russian).
6. Kositsyn, V.N. (2001). Cloudberry: biology, resource potential, introduction to culture. All-Russian Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry Publ. (In Russian).
7. Savelyeva, I.B. (2005). Forest healers. Cranberry, lingonberry, cloudberry, blueberry. Nevsky Prospekt. (In Russian).
8. Tikhonovich, I.A., & Provorov, N.A. (2015). Agricultural biotechnology and bioengineering (V.S. Shevelukha, Ed.). URSS. EDN YNIPNV. (In Russian).
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10. Tyak, G.V., Kurlovich, L.E., & Tyak, A.V. (2016). Biological recultivation of degraded peatlands by creating forest berry plants. Vestnik of the Kazan state agrarian university, 11(2), 43-46. https://doi.org/10.12737/20633. EDN WHQVNF. (In Russian, English abstract).
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15. Martinussen, I., Nilsen, G., Svenson, L., Junttila, O., & Rapp, K. (2004). In vitro propagation of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 78, 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TICU.0000020392.85854.28. EDN FMHKZN
16. Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum., 15(3), 473-497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x
17. Puupponen-Pimiä, R., Nohynek, L., Suvanto, J., Salminen, J.-P., Seppänen-Laakso, T., Tähtiharju, J., Honkapää, K., & Oksman-Caldentey, K.-M. (2021). Natural antimicrobials from cloudberry (rubus chamaemorus) seeds by sanding and hydrothermal extraction. ACS Food Science & Technology, 1(5), 917-927.
18. Thiem, B. (2001). Micropropagation of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) by Initiation of axillary shoots. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 70(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2001.002
19. Thiem, B. (2003). Rubus chamaemorus L. – a boreal plant rich in biologically active metabolites: a review. Biological Letters, 40, 3-13.
Abstract
Rybalko, E.À., Baranova, N.V., & Erkhova, A.S. (2023). Allocation of ampeloecotopes for the effective cultivation of grapes in the western part of the steppe zone of Crimea. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 60-72. https://www.doi.org/10.52415/23126701_2023_0205
The article presents the results of studies of the degree of favorability of agroecological conditions of the western part of the Steppe zone of Crimea for growing grapes. The long-term data on weather stations of the Crimean peninsula have been analyzed. The following climatic indices characterizing the growing season and the ripening period of grapes have been calculated: the sum of temperatures above 20 °C, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 °C to the sum of temperatures above 10 °C, the Huglin and Winkler indices, the average temperature of the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the sum of precipitation for the year and the growing season. In addition, the main agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of growing grapes have been considered: the average of the absolute minima of air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 °C. With the help of geoinformation modeling, a digital complex map of the spatial distribution of index data on the analyzed territory has been constructed. The distribution of territories in the western part of the Steppe zone of Crimea that are not subject to the planting of vineyards is analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of more than 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and nature reserves. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agroecological conditions in the western part of the Steppe zone of Crimea, 8 ampeloecotopes have been identified, including 4 ampeloecotopes in the Razdolnensky district, 7 in the Saki district, and 5 ampeloecotopes in the Black Sea region. As a result of comparing the agroecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grape varieties for growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticultural and wine products on agroecological factors, recommendations for agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry in the western part of the Steppe zone of Crimea have been developed.
The article presents the results of studies of the degree of favorability of agroecological conditions of the western part of the Steppe zone of Crimea for growing grapes. The long-term data on weather stations of the Crimean peninsula have been analyzed. The following climatic indices characterizing the growing season and the ripening period of grapes have been calculated: the sum of temperatures above 20 °C, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 °C to the sum of temperatures above 10 °C, the Huglin and Winkler indices, the average temperature of the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the sum of precipitation for the year and the growing season. In addition, the main agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of growing grapes have been considered: the average of the absolute minima of air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 °C. With the help of geoinformation modeling, a digital complex map of the spatial distribution of index data on the analyzed territory has been constructed. The distribution of territories in the western part of the Steppe zone of Crimea that are not subject to the planting of vineyards is analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of more than 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and nature reserves. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agroecological conditions in the western part of the Steppe zone of Crimea, 8 ampeloecotopes have been identified, including 4 ampeloecotopes in the Razdolnensky district, 7 in the Saki district, and 5 ampeloecotopes in the Black Sea region. As a result of comparing the agroecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grape varieties for growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticultural and wine products on agroecological factors, recommendations for agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry in the western part of the Steppe zone of Crimea have been developed.
References
1. Dragan, N.A. (2004). Crimea soil resources. Dolya. (In Russian)
2. Egorov, E.A., & Petrov, V.S. (2017). Creation of the sustainable self-regulating grapes agrocenoses in the temperate continental climate conditions of the Russians south. Vestnik of the russian agricultural science, 5, 51–54. EDN ZWIFDV. (In Russian, English abstract)
3. Matushinskaya, D.S., & Rogatnev, Yu.M. (2016). Methodology of detection of signs for the zoning of agricultural areas. Research and Scientific Electronic Journal of Omsk SAU, 4, 15. EDN XHJVXB. (in Russian, English abstract)
4. Rybalko, E.A., & Baranova, N.V. (2022). Allocation of ampeloecotopes on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. Fruit growing and viticulture of the South of Russia, 77, 68-81. https://doi.org/10.30679/2219-5335-2022-5-77-68-81. EDN KFVPGS (in Russian, English abstract)
5. Bois, B., Joly, D., Quenol, H., Pieri, P., Gaudillere, J.-P., Guyon, D., Saur, E., & van Leeuwen, C. (2018). Temperature-based zoning of the Bordeaux wine region. OENO One, 52(4), 291-306. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.4.1580
6. Bucur, G.M., Cojocaru, G.A., & Antoce, A.O. (2019). The climate change influences and trends on the grapevine growing in Southern Romania: a long-term study. BIO Web of Conferences, 15, 01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501008
7. Cameron, W., Petrie, P.R., Barlow, E., Patrick, C.J., Howell, K., & Fuentes, S. (2020). Advancement of grape maturity: comparison between contrasting cultivars and regions. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 26(1), 53-67 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12414
8. Cardell, M.F., Amengual, A., & Romero, R. (2019). Future effects of climate change on the suitability of wine grape production across Europe. Regional Environmental Change, 19, 2299-2310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01502-x
9. Comte, V., Zufferey, V., Rosti, J., Calanca, P., & Rebetez, M. (2019). Adaptation strategies of a cold climate vineyard to climate change, the case of the Neuchâtel region in Switzerland. In Book of abstracts 42nd Congress of Vine and Wine 17th General Assembly of the OIV (pp. 45-47). CICG, Geneva, Switzerland.
10. Jarvis, C., Barlow, E., Darbyshire, R., Eckard, R., & Goodwin, I. (2017). Relationship between viticultural climatic indices and grape maturity in Australia. International journal of biometeorology, 61, 1849-1862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1370-9
11. Jones, G.V., Duff, A.A., Hall, A., & Myers, J.W. (2010). Spatial Analysis of Climate in Winegrape Growing Regions in the Western United States. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 61(3), 313-326. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2010.61.3.313
12. Irimia, L., Patriche, C.V., & Quenol, H. (2013). Viticultural zoning: a comparative study regarding the accuracy of different approaches in vineyards climate suitability assessment. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 46(3), 95-106.
13. Irimia, L.M., Patriche, C.V., & Quenol, H. (2014). Analysis of viticultural potential and delineation of homogeneous viticultural zones in a temperate climate region of Romania. Journal International des Sciences de la vigne et du vin, 48(3), 145-167. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.3.1576
14. Karlik, L., Marian, G., Faltan, V., & Havlícek, M. (2018).Vineyard zonation based on natural terroir factors using multivariate statistics. OENO One, 52(2), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.2.1907
15. Lopes, C.M., Egipto, R., Pedroso, V., Pinto, P.A., Braga, R., & Neto, M. (2017). Can berry composition be explained by climatic indices? Comparing classical with new indices in the Portuguese Dão region. Acta Horticulturae, 1157, 59-64. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1157.10
16. Machar, I., Vlckova, V., Bucek, A., Vrublova, K., Filippovova, J., & Brus, J. (2017). Environmental modelling of climate change impact on grapevines: Case study from the Czech Republic. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(4), 1927-1933. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/68886
17. Marciniak, M., Brown, R., Reynolds, A., & Jollineau, M. (2015). Use of remote sensing to understand the terroir of the Niagara peninsula. Applications in a Riesling vineyard. Journal international des sciences de la vigne et du vin, 49(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2015.49.1.97
18. Mesterhazy, I., Meszaros, R., Pongracz, R., Bodor, P., & Ladanyi, M. (2018). The analysis of climatic indicators using different growing season calculation methods – an application to grapevine grown in Hungary. Idojaras – Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, 122(3), 217-235. http://doi.org/10.28974/idojaras.2018.3.1
19. Mesterhazy, I., Meszaros, R., & Pongracz, R. (2014). The effects of climate change on grape production in Hungary. Idojaras – Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, 118(3), 193-206.
20. OIV. (2012). OIV guidelines for vitiviniculture zoning methodologies on a soil and climate level: resolution OIV-VITI 423-2012 rev1. https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/400/viti-2012-1-en.pdf (äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ 03.06.2022)
21. Savic, S., & Vukotic, M. (2018). Viticulture Zoning in Montenegro. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 75(1), 73-86. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasmvcn-hort:003917
22. Tonietto, J., & Carbonneau, A. (2004). A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 124(1-2), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.06.001
23. Van Leeuwen, C., & Bois, B. (2018). Update in unified terroir zoning methodologies. E3S Web of Conferences, 50, 01044. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001044
24. Van Leeuwen, C., Schultzc, H.R., de Cortazar-Ataurid, I.G., Duchenee, E., Ollata, N., Pieria, P., Bois, B., Goutoulya, J.-P., Quenolh, H., Touzardi, J.-M., Malheiroj, A.C., Bavarescok, L., & Delrot, S. (2013).Why climate change will not dramatically decrease viticultural suitability in main wine-producing areas by 2050. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(33), E3051–E3052. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307927110
25. Van Leeuwen, C. (2010). Terroir: the effect of the physical environment on vine growth, grape ripening and wine sensory attributes. In Managing Wine Quality (Vol. 1, pp. 273-315), Woodhead Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102067-8.00005-1
26. Verdugo-Vasquez, N., Panitrur-De la Fuente, C., & Ortega-Farias, S. (2017). Model Development to Predict Phenological scale of Table Grapes (cvs. Thompson, Crimson and Superior Seedless and Red Globe) using Growing Degree Days. OENO One, 51(3), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.3.1833
27. Vyshkvarkova, E., Rybalko, E., Marchukova, O., & Baranova, N. (2021). Assessment of the Current and Projected Conditions of Water Availability in the Sevastopol Region for Grape Growing. Agronomy, 11(8), 1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081665
28. Vyshkvarkova, E., & Rybalko, E. (2021). Forecast of Changes in Air Temperatures and Heat Indices in the Sevastopol Region in the 21st Century and Their Impacts on Viticulture. Agronomy, 11(5), 954. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050954
STORAGE AND PROCESSING
Abstract
Levchenko, S.V., Boyko, V.A., Belash, D.Yu., & Romanov, A.V. (2023). Increasing the keeping quality of table grape varieties based on the use of calcium-containing preparations in post-harvest treatments. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 73-85. https://www.doi.org/10.52415/23126701_2023_0206
The article presents two-year data (2021—2022) on assessing the effect of technological methods (post-harvest treatments with calcium-containing preparations Master Green Ca and CaCl2) aimed for increasing the keeping quality of grapes, based on the study of conditional indicators (mass concentration of sugars and titratable acids), monophenol-monooxygenase (MPhMO) enzyme activity, and natural loss of bunch weight of such table grape varieties as ‘Moldova’, ‘Italiya’, ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Shokoladnyi’ in the dynamics of storage. The studies were carried out in the vineyards of Morskoye branch of FSUE PJSC Massandra and in the Laboratory of Grape Storage of the “Magarach” Institute. It was found that treatments with Master Green Ca and CaCl2 helped to reduce the mass concentration of sugars during the storage relative to the control: by an average of 3—15 % when treated with Master Green Ca, and by 2—8 % when treated with calcium chloride. The use of calcium-containing preparations in general did not have an inhibitory effect on the activity of MPhMO enzyme. At the same time, the minimal activity of MPhMO enzyme (5.1—7.4 c.u./sec*100) in the experimental variant with calcium chloride was registered for all the studied varieties. This enables to reduce significantly the losses caused by the natural loss of bunch weight, relative to the control, by 22—26 %, and by 18—26 %. Post-harvest treatments with calcium-containing preparations made it possible to reduce losses caused by the natural loss of bunch weight in all experimental variants. Dispersion data analysis showed that the natural loss of grape bunch weight during the long-term storage depends by 81.4—98.2 % on the storage period, and by 10.9—17.6 % on the preparation used. The effect of preparations on the natural loss of bunch weight in ‘Shokoladnyi’ and ‘Red Globe’ was not significant. The use of calcium chloride in the form of aerosol treatment improves keeping capacity of grapes during storage; in this case, the optimal concentration of working solution has to be specified. The results obtained make it possible to rationalize the system of the long-term storage of grapes through the use of aerosol treatments with the studied preparations.
The article presents two-year data (2021—2022) on assessing the effect of technological methods (post-harvest treatments with calcium-containing preparations Master Green Ca and CaCl2) aimed for increasing the keeping quality of grapes, based on the study of conditional indicators (mass concentration of sugars and titratable acids), monophenol-monooxygenase (MPhMO) enzyme activity, and natural loss of bunch weight of such table grape varieties as ‘Moldova’, ‘Italiya’, ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Shokoladnyi’ in the dynamics of storage. The studies were carried out in the vineyards of Morskoye branch of FSUE PJSC Massandra and in the Laboratory of Grape Storage of the “Magarach” Institute. It was found that treatments with Master Green Ca and CaCl2 helped to reduce the mass concentration of sugars during the storage relative to the control: by an average of 3—15 % when treated with Master Green Ca, and by 2—8 % when treated with calcium chloride. The use of calcium-containing preparations in general did not have an inhibitory effect on the activity of MPhMO enzyme. At the same time, the minimal activity of MPhMO enzyme (5.1—7.4 c.u./sec*100) in the experimental variant with calcium chloride was registered for all the studied varieties. This enables to reduce significantly the losses caused by the natural loss of bunch weight, relative to the control, by 22—26 %, and by 18—26 %. Post-harvest treatments with calcium-containing preparations made it possible to reduce losses caused by the natural loss of bunch weight in all experimental variants. Dispersion data analysis showed that the natural loss of grape bunch weight during the long-term storage depends by 81.4—98.2 % on the storage period, and by 10.9—17.6 % on the preparation used. The effect of preparations on the natural loss of bunch weight in ‘Shokoladnyi’ and ‘Red Globe’ was not significant. The use of calcium chloride in the form of aerosol treatment improves keeping capacity of grapes during storage; in this case, the optimal concentration of working solution has to be specified. The results obtained make it possible to rationalize the system of the long-term storage of grapes through the use of aerosol treatments with the studied preparations.
References
1. Boiko, V.A., Levchenko, S.V., Belash, D.Yu., & Romanov, A.V. (2022). Aerosol treatments as a way to increase the storage stability of table grapes. Magarach. Viticulture and vinemaking, 24(2), 154-159. https://doi.org/10.35547/IM.2022.46.92.009. EDN EEVDNZ. (In Russian, English Abstract).
2. Dzheneev, S.Yu. (1978). The storage of table grapes on farms. Kolos. (In Russian).
3. Kuzin, A.I., Ilinskiy, A.S., & Trunov, Y.V. (2018). The impact of foliar treatment number with calcium preparation on its concentration, physiological disorder development and fruit firmness of apple variety ‘Zhygulevskoye’. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 52, 112-119. EDN XMSYLJ. (In Russian, English Abstract).
4. Mikhailova, L.A., Subbotina, M.G., & Alyoshin, M.A. (2019). Fertilizer and diagnostics of mineral nutrition of fruit and berry crops: textbook. IPC Prokrost. EDN NIGAFM. (In Russian).
5. Roichev, V. (2012). Ampelography. Academic publishing house of Agrarian University. (In Bulgarian).
6. Romanov, A.V., Boiko, V.A., Levchenko, S.V., & Belash, D.Yu. (2021). The effect of aerosol treatments with calcium-containing preparation on grape quality indicators during long-term storage. Magarach. Viticulture and Winemaking, 23(3), 260-264. https://doi.org/10.35547/IM.2021.58.85.009. EDN XXRBWX. (In Russian, English Abstract).
7. vinograd.info. (n.d.). Grape cultivar ‘Gerkules’. All About Grapes – Viticulture, Grape Cultivars, Winemaking. Retrieved from https://vinograd.info/sorta/stolovye/gerkyles.html. (In Russian).
8. vinograd.info. (n.d.). Grape cultivar ‘Italiya’. All About Grapes – Viticulture, Grape Cultivars, Winemaking. Retrieved from https://vinograd.info/sorta/stolovye/italiya.html. (In Russian).
9. Troshin, L.P., Nosulchak, V.A., Eremin, G.V., Serpuhovitina, K.A., & Ilyashenko, O.M. (2000). All-Russian ampelographic collection of the XXI century. Grapes and wine of Russia, S, 23-24. EDN RZYOUJ. (In Russian).
10. Al-Qurashi A.D., & Awad, M.A. (2013). Effect of pre-harvest calcium chloride and ethanol spray on quality of ‘El-Bayadi’ table grapes during storage. Vitis, 52(2), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2013.52.61-67
11. Ahmed, Z.F.R., Al Shaibani, F.Y.Y., Kaur, N., Maqsood, S., & Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. (2021). Improving Fruit Quality, Bioactive Compounds, and Storage Life of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Barhi) Using Natural Elicitors. Horticulturae, 7(9), 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090293
12. Amiri, E.M, Fallahi, E., & Safari, G. (2009). Effects of preharvest calcium sprays on yield, quality and mineral nutrient concentrations of ‘Asgari’ table grape. International Journal of Fruit Science, 9(3), 294-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538360903241377
13. Barwal, V.S., & Kumar, J. (2014). Effect of pre-harvest calcium sprays and harvesting time on quality and shelf-life of nectarines. Advances in Applied Research, 6(1), 53-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2349-2104.6.1.009
14. Cherviak, S., Levchenko, S., Boyko, V., & Belash, D. (2021). The effect of aerosol treatment with calcium-based preparation on quality of table grape cultivar during storage. E3S Web of Conferences, 232, 03023. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123203023. EDN KBJEZX
15. Cui, H., Abdel-Samie, M., & Lin, L. (2019). Novel packaging systems in grape storage. A review. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 42(1), 13162. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13162
16. Dumont, M.-J., Orsat, V., & Raghavan, V. (2016). Reducing Postharvest Losses. In Emerging Technologies for Promoting Food Security: overcoming the world food crisis (pp. 135-156). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-335-5.00007-X
17. Rana, S.S., Pradhan, R.C., & Mishra, S. (2021). Physicochemical and physiological changes during storage. In T. Alam (Ed.), Packaging and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables: emerging trends (pp. 1-24). Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003161165
18. Silveira Gomez, A.C., Oyarzun, D., & Escalona, V. (2021). Calcium salts as an alternative to preserve minimally processed table grape quality. Comunicata Scientiae, 12, e3557. https://doi.org/10.14295/cs.v12.3557
19. Yoruk, R., & Marshall, M., (2007). Physicochemical properties and function of plant polyphenol oxidase: a review. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 27(5), 361-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2003.tb00289.x
ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE
Abstract
Kirsanova, T.Yu., Trusov, N.A., Yatsenko, I.O., Mikheeva, S.V., & Nozdrina, T.D. (2023). Seed germination of species of the genus Castanea, promising for cultivation in Moscow region. Contemporary horticulture, 2, 86-96. https://www.doi.org/10.52415/23126701_2023_0207
The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of the seed germination of some taxa from the Castanea genus grown in the conditions of the Moscow region. The objects of study were the fruits of two species of chestnuts: C. dentata and C. sativa, and their interspecific hybrid. Morphological characteristics of fruits were described visually. To measure the fruits, a 250-0.05 mm caliper was used. The fruits prepared for sowing were cleaned from the cupules and stored in the refrigerator (+5ºÑ), without preliminary drying. Sowing was carried out in containers at a depth of 1—2 cm, in a mixture of neutralized peat, loam soil, sand in a ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. Crops were subjected to cold stratification: containers were kept in an unheated greenhouse for 3 winter months, while they were subjected to natural temperature fluctuations, including short-term freezing of the substrate. It was established that the smallest fruits are C. “dentata” (cf. C. dentata × C. sativa) (Botanical Garden Dresden, Germany): length – 1.689±0.055 cm, diameter – 1.537±0.047 cm. Fruits of C. dentata (MBG RAS Natural Flora Exposition) have the greatest length – 2.290 ± 0.052 cm, and the fruits of C. sativa (Tharandt Botanical Garden, Germany) have the largest diameter – 2.030 ± 0.076 cm. C. sativa seeds have the highest germination rate - 91.3%, the smallest – in C. dentata – 38.1%. Seed germination of C. “dentata” (cf. C. dentata × C. sativa) is rather high – 63.2%. Seedlings of C. dentata have reddish, thin stems; leaves of the lower formation, including 2, crescent-shaped, about 0.5 cm long, arranged alternately; the first true leaves are similar to the leaves of adult plants. On average, the growth of C. dentata seedlings (MBG RAS Natural Flora Exposition) for the first week was 2.063 ± 0.050 cm, for the second week – 9.375 ± 0.565 cm. C. sativa, C. dentata and their hybrid are promising for further seed propagation and introduction research in the conditions of central Russia.
The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of the seed germination of some taxa from the Castanea genus grown in the conditions of the Moscow region. The objects of study were the fruits of two species of chestnuts: C. dentata and C. sativa, and their interspecific hybrid. Morphological characteristics of fruits were described visually. To measure the fruits, a 250-0.05 mm caliper was used. The fruits prepared for sowing were cleaned from the cupules and stored in the refrigerator (+5ºÑ), without preliminary drying. Sowing was carried out in containers at a depth of 1—2 cm, in a mixture of neutralized peat, loam soil, sand in a ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. Crops were subjected to cold stratification: containers were kept in an unheated greenhouse for 3 winter months, while they were subjected to natural temperature fluctuations, including short-term freezing of the substrate. It was established that the smallest fruits are C. “dentata” (cf. C. dentata × C. sativa) (Botanical Garden Dresden, Germany): length – 1.689±0.055 cm, diameter – 1.537±0.047 cm. Fruits of C. dentata (MBG RAS Natural Flora Exposition) have the greatest length – 2.290 ± 0.052 cm, and the fruits of C. sativa (Tharandt Botanical Garden, Germany) have the largest diameter – 2.030 ± 0.076 cm. C. sativa seeds have the highest germination rate - 91.3%, the smallest – in C. dentata – 38.1%. Seed germination of C. “dentata” (cf. C. dentata × C. sativa) is rather high – 63.2%. Seedlings of C. dentata have reddish, thin stems; leaves of the lower formation, including 2, crescent-shaped, about 0.5 cm long, arranged alternately; the first true leaves are similar to the leaves of adult plants. On average, the growth of C. dentata seedlings (MBG RAS Natural Flora Exposition) for the first week was 2.063 ± 0.050 cm, for the second week – 9.375 ± 0.565 cm. C. sativa, C. dentata and their hybrid are promising for further seed propagation and introduction research in the conditions of central Russia.
References
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2. Vulf, E.V., & Maleeva, O.F. (1969). World resources of useful plants. Food, fodder, technical, medicinal, etc. Reference book. Nauka. (In Russian).
3. Anonimous (2023). Chestnut (Castanea) fam. Fagaceae. Encyclopedia of ornamental garden plants. http://flower.onego.ru/kustar/castanea.html (In Russian)
4. Korchagina, I.A. (1991). Fam. Fagaceae. In acad. A.L. Takhtajan (Ed.). Comparative anatomy of seeds. T. 3. Bipartite. Caryophyllidae - Dilleniidae (pp. 130-133). Nauka. (In Russian).
5. Nikolayeva, M.G., Razumova, M.V., & Gladkova, V.N. (1985). A guide to the germination of continuing seeds. Nauka. (In Russian)
6. Demidov, A.S. (Ed.). (2013). Plants of natural flora in the Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences: 65 years of introduction. Association of scientific publications KMK. (In Russian)
7. Sokolov, S.Ya. (1951). Genus 3. Castanea Mill. – Chestnut. In V.L. Komarov (Ed.). Trees and shrubs of the USSR: wild, cultivated and promising for introduction. (Vol. 2, pp. 405-419). Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (In Russian).
8. Baskin, C.C., & Baskin, J.M. (2014). Seeds. Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. (2nd ed.). Elsevier, Academic Press.
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