Since 2024, the journal has been published on the National Platform of Periodical Scientific Publications of the Russian Center for Scientific Research https://journals.rcsi.science/2312-6701/index
2017 ¹2
BIOLOGY, ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF FRUIT CROPS
Abstract
Gruner, L.A. & Kuleshova, O.V. (2017). Blackberry winter hardiness with using winter covering and TUR retardant in conditions of Orel region. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 2, 1-9. DOI: 10.24411/2218-5275-2017-00020. (In Russian, English abstract).
The degrees of cane freezing of erected, trailing and semi-erected blackberries were estimated by points after winters in 2014–2017 with minimal temperatures -24.5°C (2015), -29.3°C (2016) in January and -31.5°C (2017) in February, respectively. In October the blackberry plants were covered with synthetic material Agrotex (60 g/m2) by one layer. A part of plants were left without covering. In early April the covering was put off. Four cultivars (Agawam, Erie, Thornfree and Texas) and selective forms of blackberries (seedlings from the open pollination of cultivars Black Satin, Cheyenne, Loch Ness and hybrid Thornfree × R. Caucasicus) were studied. The influence of TUR retardant on the blackberry winter hardiness was estimated on three genotypes: erected cultivar Erie, semi-erected seedling of cultivar Black Satin and trailing cultivar Thornfree.
When covering, all of the studied genotypes overwintered well without damaging of the most productive (middle) part of the canes. Among the plants left without covering, trailing genotypes were severely frozen in conditions of three mentioned winters; erected and semi-erected genotypes were insignificantly damaged during the first two winters, while during the third winter they were significantly frozen. Cultivar Agawam was mostly winter hardy, it overwintered with minimal damages.
The treatment with 0.1% solution of TUR retardant during the period of active growth of blackberry canes positively influenced upon the cultivar Thornfree with intensive protracted growth in the first and third winter as well as on the semi-erected selection (seedling of Black Satin) in winter 2016–2017. The same treatment did not noticeably influenced upon the winter hardiness of the erected cultivar Erie.
The degrees of cane freezing of erected, trailing and semi-erected blackberries were estimated by points after winters in 2014–2017 with minimal temperatures -24.5°C (2015), -29.3°C (2016) in January and -31.5°C (2017) in February, respectively. In October the blackberry plants were covered with synthetic material Agrotex (60 g/m2) by one layer. A part of plants were left without covering. In early April the covering was put off. Four cultivars (Agawam, Erie, Thornfree and Texas) and selective forms of blackberries (seedlings from the open pollination of cultivars Black Satin, Cheyenne, Loch Ness and hybrid Thornfree × R. Caucasicus) were studied. The influence of TUR retardant on the blackberry winter hardiness was estimated on three genotypes: erected cultivar Erie, semi-erected seedling of cultivar Black Satin and trailing cultivar Thornfree.
When covering, all of the studied genotypes overwintered well without damaging of the most productive (middle) part of the canes. Among the plants left without covering, trailing genotypes were severely frozen in conditions of three mentioned winters; erected and semi-erected genotypes were insignificantly damaged during the first two winters, while during the third winter they were significantly frozen. Cultivar Agawam was mostly winter hardy, it overwintered with minimal damages.
The treatment with 0.1% solution of TUR retardant during the period of active growth of blackberry canes positively influenced upon the cultivar Thornfree with intensive protracted growth in the first and third winter as well as on the semi-erected selection (seedling of Black Satin) in winter 2016–2017. The same treatment did not noticeably influenced upon the winter hardiness of the erected cultivar Erie.
References
1. Agafonov, N.V. & Blinovskiy, V.K. (1974). The results of five-year studies on TUR preparation application in the intensive fruit-growing. Doklady TSKhA, 201, 5-12. (In Russian).
2. Agafonov, N.V. & Kazakova, V.N. (1984). Chlorcholinechloride aplication on fruit crops with thaw aim of regulation of growth, shoot formation and yield increase. Agricultural Biology, 10, 48-54. (In Russian).
3. Anonymous (1960). Agroclimatic reference book for Orel region (pp. 6-10). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. (In Russian).
4. Gruner, L.A. (2014). Blackberries. In E.N. Sedov & L.A. Gruner (Eds.), Pomology. Strawberries. Raspberries. Nut and rare crops (vol. 5, pp. 300-308). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
5. Gruner, L.A. (1992). Biology features and economical value of blackberry cultivars and genotypes in conditions of the Northern Caucasus. (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Saint Petersburg, Russia. (In Russian).
6. Evdokimenko, S.N. & Kulagina, V.L. (2015). Evaluation of blackberry varieties and raspberry-blackberry hybrids in conditions of the Bryansk region. Horticulture and viticulture, 4, 20-23. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Kazakov, I.V., Gruner, L.A. & Kichina, V.V., (1999). Raspberries, blackberries and their hybrids. In: E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.) Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 383-385). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
8. Krasova, N.G., Ozherelieva, Z.E., Golyshkina, L.V., Makarkina, M.A. & Galasheva, A.M. (2014). Winter hardiness of apple cultivars. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
9. Kucher, G.M. (1983). The influence of chlorcholinchloride on the physiological and biochemical processes and frost resistance of grapes. (Biol. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Tairov Research Institute of Viticulture and Wine-Making, Odessa, USSR.
10. Radzhabov, A.K. (2000). Formation of grape productivity and quality: agrotechnical, varietal and ecological features. (Agri. Sci. Doc. Thesis). Potapenko All-Russia Research and Development Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking, Moscow, Russia. (In Russian).
11. Recommendations for the prevention of the environmental pollution by plant growth regulators (2017). Retrieved from http://www.alppp.ru/law/hozjajstvennaja-dejatelnost/selskoe hozjajstvo/60/rekomendacii-po-predotvrascheniyu-zagrjaznenija-okruzhayuschej-sredy-reguljatorami-rosta-r.html.
12. Khaustovich, I.P. (1984). Retardant effect on growth and fruit-bearing of apple trees in the Central Chernozem zone. (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Michurin horticultural institute, Michurinsk, Russia. (In Russian).
13. Finn, C.E. & Strik, B.C. (2014). Blackberry Cultivars for Oregon: Northwest Berry & Grape Information Network. Available at: http://berrygrape.org/files/caneberries/ blackberry_cultivars.pdf (Accessed August 3, 2016).
14. Strik, B.C., Finn, C.E., Clark, J.R., & Pilar Banados M. (2008). Worldwide Production of Blackberries. Acta Horticulturae, 777, 209-218. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.777.31.
2. Agafonov, N.V. & Kazakova, V.N. (1984). Chlorcholinechloride aplication on fruit crops with thaw aim of regulation of growth, shoot formation and yield increase. Agricultural Biology, 10, 48-54. (In Russian).
3. Anonymous (1960). Agroclimatic reference book for Orel region (pp. 6-10). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. (In Russian).
4. Gruner, L.A. (2014). Blackberries. In E.N. Sedov & L.A. Gruner (Eds.), Pomology. Strawberries. Raspberries. Nut and rare crops (vol. 5, pp. 300-308). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
5. Gruner, L.A. (1992). Biology features and economical value of blackberry cultivars and genotypes in conditions of the Northern Caucasus. (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Saint Petersburg, Russia. (In Russian).
6. Evdokimenko, S.N. & Kulagina, V.L. (2015). Evaluation of blackberry varieties and raspberry-blackberry hybrids in conditions of the Bryansk region. Horticulture and viticulture, 4, 20-23. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Kazakov, I.V., Gruner, L.A. & Kichina, V.V., (1999). Raspberries, blackberries and their hybrids. In: E.N. Sedov & T.P. Ogoltsova (Eds.) Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 383-385). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
8. Krasova, N.G., Ozherelieva, Z.E., Golyshkina, L.V., Makarkina, M.A. & Galasheva, A.M. (2014). Winter hardiness of apple cultivars. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
9. Kucher, G.M. (1983). The influence of chlorcholinchloride on the physiological and biochemical processes and frost resistance of grapes. (Biol. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Tairov Research Institute of Viticulture and Wine-Making, Odessa, USSR.
10. Radzhabov, A.K. (2000). Formation of grape productivity and quality: agrotechnical, varietal and ecological features. (Agri. Sci. Doc. Thesis). Potapenko All-Russia Research and Development Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking, Moscow, Russia. (In Russian).
11. Recommendations for the prevention of the environmental pollution by plant growth regulators (2017). Retrieved from http://www.alppp.ru/law/hozjajstvennaja-dejatelnost/selskoe hozjajstvo/60/rekomendacii-po-predotvrascheniyu-zagrjaznenija-okruzhayuschej-sredy-reguljatorami-rosta-r.html.
12. Khaustovich, I.P. (1984). Retardant effect on growth and fruit-bearing of apple trees in the Central Chernozem zone. (Agri. Sci. Cand. Thesis). Michurin horticultural institute, Michurinsk, Russia. (In Russian).
13. Finn, C.E. & Strik, B.C. (2014). Blackberry Cultivars for Oregon: Northwest Berry & Grape Information Network. Available at: http://berrygrape.org/files/caneberries/ blackberry_cultivars.pdf (Accessed August 3, 2016).
14. Strik, B.C., Finn, C.E., Clark, J.R., & Pilar Banados M. (2008). Worldwide Production of Blackberries. Acta Horticulturae, 777, 209-218. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.777.31.
Abstract
Makarkina, M.A. & Pavel, A.R. (2017). Biologically active substances in strawberry berries grown in Orel region. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 2, 10-16. DOI: 10.24411/2218-5275-2017-00021. (In Russian, English abstract).
Biologically active substances of fruit and berry crops favorably influence upon the human’s organism because they are in the native state, hence they are easy for assimilation. The main representatives of biologically active substances in plants are ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds which are synergists of each other. Their main function is to take part in oxidation-reduction processes. Having an antioxidant activity they reduce the destroying actions of free radicals. Strawberry berries contain the ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds in optimal quantities.
Some components of the chemical composition of strawberry berries are presented: the content of ascorbic acid, anthocyanin substances, catechols, leucoanthocyanins and sum of phenolic compounds. 31 strawberry cultivars grown at the collection plots of Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) in 2000–2015 were studied. The analysis of the biochemical composition of berries was done in the institute laboratory of biochemical estimation of cultivars.
The best cultivars were selected according to each studied biochemical indication: for ascorbic acid – Baunty, Bogema, Vechnaya Vesna, Divnaya, Yonsok, Onega, Pandora, Sudarushka and Estafeta; for anthocyanins - Baunty, Bogema, Bryanich, Venta, Zenga-Zengana, Zenit, Kama, Makovka, Mamochka, Rubinovy Kulon, Snezhana, Surpriz Olympiade and Feyerverk; for catechols – Bogema, Bogota, Borovitzkaya, Zenga-Zengana, Zenit, Mamochka, Redgontlit, Surpriz Olympiade and Festivalnaya; for leucoanthocyanins – Bogema, Bogota, Borovitzkaya, Bryanich, Venta, Vechnaya Vesna, Garygett, Divnaya, Zolushka Kubani, Yonsok, Makovka, Mamochka, Onega, Pandora, Sudarushka, Surpriz Olympiade, Feyerverk and Estafeta; for phenolic compound sum – Bogema, Bogota, Borovitzkaya, Bryanich, Venta, Divnaya, Zenit, Yonksok, Mamochka, Pandora, Redgontlit, Surpriz Olympiade, Feyerverk and Festivalnaya; for a complex of biochemical indications – Bogema.
Strong cultivar variability of the studied indications was observed: from 21.3% (ascorbic acid) to 51.6% (catechols).
References
1. Baraboy, V.A. (1976). Basic display of pharmacological activity of plant phenolic compounds. In Biologically active substances of fruit and berries (pp. 19-24). Moscow. (In Russian).
2. Zubov, A.A. (2004). Theoretical principles of strawberry breeding. Michurinsk: I.V. Michurin VNIIGiSPR. (In Russian).
3. Gorbachev, V.V. & Gorbacheva, V.N. (2002). Vitamins, micro- and macroelements: reference book. Minsk: Book House; Interpressservice. (In Russian).
4. Gudkovskiy, V.A. (1998). Natural antioxidants are fruits and vegetables – a source of health. In Ways to improve the stability of gardening (pp. 30-35). Michurinsk. (In Russian).
5. Zhbanova, E.V. (2009). Vitamins: from the history of discovery till nowadays. Michurinsk: MichGAU. (In Russian).
6. Makarkina, M.A. & Yanchuk, T.V. (2010). Estimation of fruit and berry varieties grown in conditions of the central chernozem region according to the biochemical fruit indices. Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC, 10, 26-29. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Makarkina, M.A., Pavel, A.R., Yanchuk, T.V. & Sokolova, S.E. (2014). Characteristics of strawberries biochemical composition of the cultivars cultivated in the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. In Theory and Practice of Modern Small Fruit Growing: from Cultivar to Product: Proc. Sci. Int. Conf. (pp. 2018-222). Samokhvalovichy: Institute for Fruit Growing. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Ermakov, A.I., Arasimovich, V.V., Yarosh, N.P., Peruanskii, Yu.V., Lukovnikova, G.A. & Ikonnikova M.I. (1987). Methods of biochemical research of plants. A.I. Ermakov (Ed.). Agropromizdat, Leningrad. (In Russian).
9. Ostapenko, V.I. (2007). Strawberry cultivars for vitamin production in the south of Russia. In Improvement of fruit, small fruit, nuts and vine assortment under present management conditions: Proc. Sci. Int. Conf. (pp. 239-241). Samokhvalovichy: Institute for Fruit Growing. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Petrovskiy, K.S. (1982). The ABC of health. Moscow: Znanie. (In Russian).
11. Prichko, T.G. & Germanova, M.G. (2016). Food and biological value of berries of promising strawberries varieties grown in the southern of Russia. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 45, 137-144 (In Russian, English abstract)
12. Samorodova-Bianki, G.B., Streltzina, S.A. & Zdorenko, N.A. (1992). Fruit and berries as a valuable source of substances increasing the resistance of human’s organism to extreme factors. Bulletin of N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant-Growing, 229, 65-68. (In Russian).
13. Sedov, E.N., Makarkina, M.A. & Levgerova, N.S. (2007). Biochemical and technological characteristic of apple gene pool fruit. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
14. Sedov, Z.A., Lenchenko, V.G. & Astakhov, A.I. (1999). Variety estimation for chemical composition of fruit. In E. N. Sedov & T. P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 160–167). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
15. Tutelian, V.A., Baturin, A.K. & Martinchik, E.A. (2004). Flavonoids: content in food products, level of consumption. Nutrition questions, 6, 43-48
16. Upadyshev, M.T. (2008). A role of phenolic compounds in the processes of vital functions of orchard plants. Moscow: VSTISP. (In Russian).
17. Shapiro, D.K. (1978). Medicinal crops are a promising trend in horticulture. Minsk: Science and Ingeneering. (In Russian).
18. Daniel, O., Meier, M. S., Schlatter, J., & Frischknecht, P. (1999). Selected phenolic compounds in cultivated plants: ecologic functions, health implications, and modulation by pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(Suppl 1), 109–114.
2. Zubov, A.A. (2004). Theoretical principles of strawberry breeding. Michurinsk: I.V. Michurin VNIIGiSPR. (In Russian).
3. Gorbachev, V.V. & Gorbacheva, V.N. (2002). Vitamins, micro- and macroelements: reference book. Minsk: Book House; Interpressservice. (In Russian).
4. Gudkovskiy, V.A. (1998). Natural antioxidants are fruits and vegetables – a source of health. In Ways to improve the stability of gardening (pp. 30-35). Michurinsk. (In Russian).
5. Zhbanova, E.V. (2009). Vitamins: from the history of discovery till nowadays. Michurinsk: MichGAU. (In Russian).
6. Makarkina, M.A. & Yanchuk, T.V. (2010). Estimation of fruit and berry varieties grown in conditions of the central chernozem region according to the biochemical fruit indices. Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC, 10, 26-29. (In Russian, English abstract).
7. Makarkina, M.A., Pavel, A.R., Yanchuk, T.V. & Sokolova, S.E. (2014). Characteristics of strawberries biochemical composition of the cultivars cultivated in the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. In Theory and Practice of Modern Small Fruit Growing: from Cultivar to Product: Proc. Sci. Int. Conf. (pp. 2018-222). Samokhvalovichy: Institute for Fruit Growing. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Ermakov, A.I., Arasimovich, V.V., Yarosh, N.P., Peruanskii, Yu.V., Lukovnikova, G.A. & Ikonnikova M.I. (1987). Methods of biochemical research of plants. A.I. Ermakov (Ed.). Agropromizdat, Leningrad. (In Russian).
9. Ostapenko, V.I. (2007). Strawberry cultivars for vitamin production in the south of Russia. In Improvement of fruit, small fruit, nuts and vine assortment under present management conditions: Proc. Sci. Int. Conf. (pp. 239-241). Samokhvalovichy: Institute for Fruit Growing. (In Russian, English abstract).
10. Petrovskiy, K.S. (1982). The ABC of health. Moscow: Znanie. (In Russian).
11. Prichko, T.G. & Germanova, M.G. (2016). Food and biological value of berries of promising strawberries varieties grown in the southern of Russia. Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia, 45, 137-144 (In Russian, English abstract)
12. Samorodova-Bianki, G.B., Streltzina, S.A. & Zdorenko, N.A. (1992). Fruit and berries as a valuable source of substances increasing the resistance of human’s organism to extreme factors. Bulletin of N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant-Growing, 229, 65-68. (In Russian).
13. Sedov, E.N., Makarkina, M.A. & Levgerova, N.S. (2007). Biochemical and technological characteristic of apple gene pool fruit. Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
14. Sedov, Z.A., Lenchenko, V.G. & Astakhov, A.I. (1999). Variety estimation for chemical composition of fruit. In E. N. Sedov & T. P. Ogoltsova (Eds.), Program and methods of variety investigation of fruit, berry and nut crops (pp. 160–167). Orel: VNIISPK. (In Russian).
15. Tutelian, V.A., Baturin, A.K. & Martinchik, E.A. (2004). Flavonoids: content in food products, level of consumption. Nutrition questions, 6, 43-48
16. Upadyshev, M.T. (2008). A role of phenolic compounds in the processes of vital functions of orchard plants. Moscow: VSTISP. (In Russian).
17. Shapiro, D.K. (1978). Medicinal crops are a promising trend in horticulture. Minsk: Science and Ingeneering. (In Russian).
18. Daniel, O., Meier, M. S., Schlatter, J., & Frischknecht, P. (1999). Selected phenolic compounds in cultivated plants: ecologic functions, health implications, and modulation by pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(Suppl 1), 109–114.
Abstract
Ozherelieva, Z.E., Emelyanova, O.Yu. & Firsov A.N. (2017). The determination of the basic winter hardiness components of ornamental tree and bush species of different ecological and geographical origin under controlled conditions. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 2, 17-24. DOI: 10.24411/2218-5275-2017-00022. (In Russian, English abstract).
The basic winter hardiness components were studied in the laboratory of physiology of resistance of fruit plants of Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding in 2014–2016. Annual shoots of 20 ornamental tree and bush species of different ecological and geographical origin growing in the arboretum of the institute were studied. The resistance to early winter frosts, the index of maximal frost hardiness in the middle of winter, frost hardiness during winter thaws and the resistance to returned frosts at the end of winter were studied under the controlled conditions. The aim of the research was to study the basic winter hardiness components of ornamental wood species of the local flora and introduced plants and to reveal the plants resistant to climatic conditions of winter in the middle zone of Russia. As a result, at the beginning of winter it was determined that all studied ornamental species had high frost resistance of buds and tissues of annual shoots. In the middle of the winter buds and wood were mostly damaged but the bark was characterized by maximal frost resistance in the majority of the studied species. During the sharp temperature overfalls in winter the buds were damaged mostly. The tissues of the annual shoots showed really high frost resistance. The significant difference in the degree of bud, bark and wood damages was found among the studied species according to winter hardiness components II and III. As a result of the modeling of returned frosts at the end of the winter, high frost hardiness was found in the majority of the studied species. According to the results of the artificial freezing the following plants were distinguished by high frost hardiness: Betula Kelleriana, Betula Raddeana, Acer rubrum, Staphylea pinnata, Cotinus coggygria, Pinus pallasiana. In the group of frost hardy plants were included Betula lenta, Betula pendula f.carelica, Acer saccharinum, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus alnifolia, Picea omorica.
The basic winter hardiness components were studied in the laboratory of physiology of resistance of fruit plants of Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding in 2014–2016. Annual shoots of 20 ornamental tree and bush species of different ecological and geographical origin growing in the arboretum of the institute were studied. The resistance to early winter frosts, the index of maximal frost hardiness in the middle of winter, frost hardiness during winter thaws and the resistance to returned frosts at the end of winter were studied under the controlled conditions. The aim of the research was to study the basic winter hardiness components of ornamental wood species of the local flora and introduced plants and to reveal the plants resistant to climatic conditions of winter in the middle zone of Russia. As a result, at the beginning of winter it was determined that all studied ornamental species had high frost resistance of buds and tissues of annual shoots. In the middle of the winter buds and wood were mostly damaged but the bark was characterized by maximal frost resistance in the majority of the studied species. During the sharp temperature overfalls in winter the buds were damaged mostly. The tissues of the annual shoots showed really high frost resistance. The significant difference in the degree of bud, bark and wood damages was found among the studied species according to winter hardiness components II and III. As a result of the modeling of returned frosts at the end of the winter, high frost hardiness was found in the majority of the studied species. According to the results of the artificial freezing the following plants were distinguished by high frost hardiness: Betula Kelleriana, Betula Raddeana, Acer rubrum, Staphylea pinnata, Cotinus coggygria, Pinus pallasiana. In the group of frost hardy plants were included Betula lenta, Betula pendula f.carelica, Acer saccharinum, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus alnifolia, Picea omorica.
References
1. Avdeyev, Yu.M., Desyatova, I.S., Dolgov, D.A., Efimychev, P.A., Zaugarin, H.A. & Kostin, A.E. (2017). The assessment of ecological and recreational potential of protected areas. NovaInfo.Ru, 1(58), 145-150. Available at: http://novainfo.ru/article/10267. (In Russian).
2. Dospekhov, B. A. (1985). Methods of the Field Experiment. Moscow: Agropromizdat. (In Russian).
3. Dubovitskaya, O.Yu. (2013). Creation of sustainable phytotechnology for improving the environment in Central Black soil region Russia. Problems of Biological, Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 11, 20-26. (In Russian, English abstract).
4. Dubovitskaya O.Yu. & Zolotareva E.V. (2010). Flowering trees and shrubs for landscaping of low-rise building. Vestnik OrelGAU, 2, 72-77 (In Russian, English abstract).
5. Zolotareva E.V. & Dubovitskaya O.U. (2013). Evaluation of wood introduced species in plantations of public areas in Orel region. Vestnik OrelGAU, 2, 40-45.
6. Kichina, V.V. (1999). Fruit and Berry crop Breeding for a high Level of Winter Hardiness (Conception, Ways and methods). Moscow. (In Russian).
7. Kostin, A.E. & Avdeyev, Yu.M. (2015): Geobotanical research of the biodiversity in the urban environment. The Bulletin of KrasGAU, 3, 19-23. (In Russian, English abstract).
8. Masalova, L.I. & Firsov, A.N. (2015). Promising ornamental bushes of the North America zone and Far East in the VNIISPK arboretum. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary Horticulture, 4, 105-112. Available at: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2015/4/77.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
9. Ozhereleva, Z.E. & Pavlenkova, G.A. (2011). Potential hardiness of liliac varieties to low temperatures in autumn and winter. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary Horticulture, 1, 1-4. Available at: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2011/1/5.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
10.Ozherelieva, Z.E., Krasova, N.G. & Galasheva, A.M. (2013). Study of apple variety-rootstock combinations according to the winter hardiness components. Sovremennoe sadovodstvo - Contemporary Horticulture, 4, 1-10. Available at: http://journal.vniispk.ru/pdf/2013/4/1.pdf. (In Russian, English abstract).
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NURSERY AND AN AGROTECHNICS OF FRUIT CROPS
Abstract
Krasova, N.G. & Galasheva, A.M. (2017). Apple orchard design with one-cultivar area planting Sovremennoe sadovodstvo – Contemporary horticulture, 2, 25-30. DOI: 10.24411/2218-5275-2017-00023. (In Russian, English abstract).
The results of apple yield study in the orchards imitating one-variety planting are given. The studies were conducted in the orchards of the All Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding in 1983–2014. The experimental plot was planted with two-year-old seedlings on a vigorous seed scion of Antonovka Obyknovennaya seyanetz in 1983. Self-unfruitful apple varieties Orlik, Orlovskoye Polosatoye and Sinap Orlovskiy were taken for study. The experiment was established as one-variety blocks, each variety occupied 4 hectares. The varieties were planted in rows with pollinators at the beginning and in the end of each row (one or two trees). Antonovka Obyknovennaya and Wealthy were taken as the best pollinators for studied varieties. The length of the rows was 224 m and the maximal remoteness from the variety-pollinator was 112 m from one side.
It was determined that apple cultivars Orlovskoye Polosatoye, Orlik and Sinap Orlovskiy did not reduce the yield under the remoteness from the pollinator from each side of the row at the distance up to 112 m. It allows placing the cultivars by blocks with the row length up to 220–230 m and with the pollinators in both ends of the row.
Such method of variety spacing provided good pollination under other favorable conditions – good bee pollination and suitable agronomical practice.
The long-term observation showed great advantages of such plantings in the tending care, chemical treatment, harvesting and fruit putting for cold storage.
References
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